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Acarella Syd. Wijayawardene et al. (2012) listed Acarella in Asterinaceae. Pem et al. (2019b) transferred Acarella to Vizellaceae based on the ovoid to ellipsoidal or rarely subglobose, brown to dark brown ascospores, with a transverse hyaline band, formed on phialidic, hyaline cells lining the inner cavity of the upper wall (D. Pem). Achorodothis Syd. Hongsanan et al. (2020) regarded this genus as doubtful which is in Mycosphaerellaceae (M. Erdoğdu). Achrochaeta Réblová & Hern.-Restr. Based on phylogenetic analys es and morphological characters, Chaetosphaeria talbotii was transferred to the new genus Achrochaeta. Achrochaeta can be distinguished by the absence of setae, cylindrical-clavate conidia which gradually tapering toward the basal end, and narrowly funnel-shaped collarettes that do not become apically incurved (Réblová et al. 2021b) (M. Erdoğdu).Acidotalaromyces Houbraken et al. Acidotalaromyces (type: A. lignorum fide Houbraken et al. 2020) is a monotypic genus and forms a unique lineage in Trichocomaceae. It requires acidified agar media (pH 3.5) for growth, as no or very limited growth occurs on regular of slightly acidic or media with neutral pH. Acidotalaromycesis known from rotting wood in Europe and potentially produce biotechnologically interesting enzymes (F. Selcuk).Aestipascuomyces Stabel et al. Based on morphological, physiological, microscopic, and phylogenetic characteristics, Stabel et al. (2020) introduced Aestipascuomyces within the family Neocallimastigaceae to accommodate A. dupliciliberans (type species) isolated from the frozen rumen content of a female aoudad sheep (M. Erdoğdu).Agriosomyces Hanafy et al.Hanafy et al. (2020) isolated and characterized 65 anaerobic gut fungal strains from several herbivorous mammal species in the USA through morphological and molecular characterization. To assess phylogenetic relationships, they used ITS1 and 28S rDNA regions. As a result, they introduced seven novel genera, namely Agriosomyces, Aklioshbomyces, Capellomyces, Ghazallomyces, Joblinomyces, Khoyollomyces, and Tahromyces in Neocallimastigaceae (Hanafy et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Ahmadea Aman et al. Based on combined evidence derived from the morphology and LSU sequence phylogeny, a monotypic truffle genus Ahmadea was introduced by Aman et al. (2020) to accommodate A. dalanensis found in arid and semi-arid regions of Punjab, Pakistan, often occurring in Sorghum vulgare Pers. fields where it has been known for its edibility for numerous decades (M. Erdoğdu).Aklioshbomyces Hanafy et al.See under Agriosomyces Hanafy et al. (M. Erdoğdu).Albocoprinus Voto Voto (2020) introduced Albocoprinus to accommodate A. ealaensis within the Agaricales genera incertae sedis (M. Erdoğdu).Allocanariomyces Mehrabi et al. This genus was established by Mehrabi et al. (2020) based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogeny. Allocanariomyces is differentiated from Canariomyces Arx, its closest relative, by solitary and glabrous ascomata, cells of the perithecial wall forming a textura epidermoidea, stalked asci, densely granular ascospores with a distinct subapical germ pore, and only solitary conidia (Mehrabi et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu). Allodiatrype Konta & K.D. Hyde Based on morphological characteristics as well as combined DNA sequence analyses (ITS and TUB2), Allodiatrype was introduced by Konta et al. (2020a) to accommodate A. arengae (the type species), A. elaeidicola, A. elaeidis and A. thailandica. Allodiatrype species are similar to that of Diatrype. However, Allodiatrype differs in having 1–10 ascomata immersed in a single stroma, and with or lacking a black stromatic zone, while stromata of Diatrype mostly spread over a large area, sometimes covering the host surface (Konta et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Alloneottiosporina Nag Raj Li et al. (2020a) introduced A. thailandica which was accommodated in Phaeosphaeriaceae based on sequence data analysis. However, the placement was based on specimens which were not the type of the genus. Therefore, the placement is tentative pending sequencing of the type species of the genus (K.D. Hyde & N. Wijayawardene). Amaurodermellus Costa-Rezende et al. Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, Costa-Rezende et al. (2020) introduced the monotypic genus Amaurodermellus to accommodate the neotropical Amauroderma ovisporum, a species recently introduced in Amauroderma. Amaurodermellus is characterized by a dark dull pilear surface, pale context, pileipellis as a short trichoderm, and ovoid, hyaline to pale yellow basidiospores, these with inconspicuous endosporic projections that are solid when observed under SEM (Costa-Rezende et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu). Amnocutis K.H. Larss. A new corticioid genus Amnocutis, was introduced by Larsson & Oldervik (2020) to accommodate A. rivularis, belongs to the Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis (M. Erdoğdu).Amphosoma Baral Amphosoma was established by Baral et al. (2020) to accommodate four species. The type species A. resinicola is characterized by rather small, ± ellipsoid ascospores, and light-colored apothecia (Baral et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Amyloceraceomyces S.H. He Yuan et al. (2020) introduced Amyloceraceomyces (in Amylocorticiaceae) to accommodate A. angustisporus (the type species). Amyloceraceomyces is mainly characterized by the pellicular to membranaceous, stratified basidiocarps, a monomitic hyphal system with nodose septate hyphae, absence of sterile organs, and cylindrical smooth thin-walled amyloid basidiospores. Phylogenetically, Amyloceraceomyces formed a distinct lineage in Amylocorticiales (Yuan et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Anasporidesmiella K. Zhang et al. Anasporidesmiella was introduced by Zhang et al. (2020) to accommodate A. angustobasilaris. Anasporidesmiella is characterized by macronematous, mononematous brown conidiophores frequently reduced to monoblastic determinate conidiogenous cells and solitary cylindrical distoseptate brown conidia with truncated or rounded bases (Zhang et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Anastomitrabeculia Bhunjun et al. Based on morphology, multi-loci phylogeny and divergence times estimates, Anastomitrabeculia was introduced by Bhunjun et al. (2021c) based on A. didymospora. Anastomitrabeculia is characterized by the presence of carbonaceous ascomata, with orange pigmentation near the ostioles and ascospores with longitudinally striate wall ornamentation. It is similar to members of Pleosporales in having perithecioid ascomata, bitunicate asci and hyaline ascospores (Bhunjun et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Anastomitrabeculiaceae Bhunjun et al. Anastomitrabeculiaceae was introduced by Bhunjun et al. (2021c) to accommodate Anastomitrabeculia. The family is characterized by semi-immersed, coriaceous or carbonaceous ascomata with septate, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and hyaline ascospores with longitudinally striate wall ornamentation, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Anastomitrabeculiaceae forms an independent lineage basal to Halojulellaceae in Pleosporales and it is closely related to Neohendersoniaceae based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined LSU, SSU and tef1-α dataset (Bhunjun et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Andamanomyces Hosag. Hongsanan et al. (2020) placed this genus in Asterinales (N. Wijayawardene). Andina Wilk et al. Andina was introduced by Wilk et al. (2021) for A. citrinoides, a morphologically cryptic species similar to members of the Flavoplaca citrina group in the subfamily Xanthorioideae, plus a second species consisting of several samples from Chile (Andina sp.). Andina citrinoides produces yellow to yellow-orange, areolate, sterile thalli, much dissolving into concolorous soredia (Wilk et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Annellosympodia McTaggart et al. Annellosympodia, with A. orbiculata as the type species, was introduced by McTaggart et al. (2007). Annellosympodia orbiculata is characterized by an unusual combination of features, viz., fasciculate conidiogenous cells (conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells), holoblastic conidiogenesis with sympodial, but rectilinear proliferation leaving annular structures and lateral conspicuous conidiogenous loci, and rhexolytic conidial secession (McTaggart et al. 2007) (M. Erdoğdu).Anthracina L. Su et al. Sun et al. (2020a) introduced Anthracina within Trichomeriaceae to accommodate A. ramosa (the type species) and A. saxincola based on phylogenetic analyzes and morphological characters (M. Erdoğdu).Anupama K.N.A. Raj et al.Raj et al. (2019) introduced this genus and accommodated it in Biannulariaceae (N. Wijayawardene). Aphanodesmium Réblová & Hern.-Restr. Réblová et al. (2020) introduced this genus to accommodate the type species (Aphanodesmium gabretae) based on phylogenetic analyses. The type species exhibits an endophytic life style and occurs in needles of Picea abies. The species is so far known in Europe in the Czech Republic (Koukol & Kolarova 2010) (F. Selcuk).Aquapteridospora Jiao Yang et al.Yang et al. (2015) established this genus to accommodate a freshwater species Aquapteridospora lignicola and referred it to Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis. It is now placed in Aquapteridosporaceae, Distoseptisporales (Hyde et al. 2021) (W. Dong). Aquatisphaeria W.L. Li et al. Li et al. (2021) established this genus in Tetraplosphaeriaceae to accommodate a freshwater species Aquatisphaeria thailandica based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong).Aquatospora W. Dong et al. Based on multigene analyses and morphology, Aquatospora was introduced to accommodate A. cylindrica collected from decaying wood submerged in freshwater. It is characterized by clavate to narrowly ellipsoidal asci and hyaline, cylindrical ascospores (Dong et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Aquidictyomyces W. Dong et al. This genus was established to accommodate a freshwater hyphomycetes A. appendiculatus and referred to Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis (Dong et al. 2021a) (W. Dong). Aquihelicascus W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2020) established this genus in Morosphaeriaceae to accommodate Aquihelicascus thalassioideus segregated from Helicascus and another two new freshwater species A. songkhlaensis and A. yunnanensis. (W. Dong).Aquimassariosphaeria W. Dong & Doilom Dong et al. (2020) established this genus in Lindgomycetaceae to accommodate Massariosphaeria typhicola and a new species Aquimassariosphaeria kunmingensis based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong). Araucariomyces Aime & McTaggart Aime and McTaggart (2021) introduced Araucariomyces to accommodate A. balansae and A. fragiformis. Araucariomyces differs from all other rust genera in forming the gametothallus on species of Agathis (Araucariaceae) (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Araucariomycetaceae Aime & McTaggart Araucariomycetaceae was established by Aime & McTaggart (2021) to accommodate Araucariomyces in Pucciniales. Araucariomycetaceae differs from all other Pucciniales in forming gametothalli on Agathis (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Arboricolonus S. Bien & Damm During a survey of fungi associated with wood necrosis of Prunus sp. trees in Germany, strains belonging to Leotiomycetes and Eurotiomycetes were detected by preliminary analyses of ITS sequences. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses (LSU, ITS, tub, EF-1α, depending on the genus) of some strains from Prunus sp. and reference strains revealed several new taxa, including Arboricolonus (F. Selcuk).Archaeosporites C. Walker et al. (fossil) In the idea of Harper et al. (fossil), this monotypic genus, belonging to endophytic fungi (Glomeromycota) was recorded from the Early Devonian sediments of Great Britain (R.K. Saxena).Areotheca Y. Marín & Stchigel In order to produce a more natural classification of the polyphyletic family Lasiosphaeriaceae, Marin-Felix et al. (2020) conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, rDNA LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequence data from soil samples and reference Sordariales strains. As a result, they introduced three new families (Diplogelasinosporaceae, Naviculisporaceae, and Schizotheciaceae), along with six new genera (Areotheca, Lundqvistomyces, Naviculispora, Pseudoechria, Pseudoschizothecium, and Rhypophila). Additionally, they introduced new species combinations for Cladorrhinum, Jugulospora, Podospora, Schizothecium, and Triangularia (M. Erdoğdu).Aridoplaca Wilk et al. The monospecific genus Aridoplaca was described by Wilk et al. (2021) for the squamulose species A. peltata. Aridoplaca peltata is characterized by an orange, squamulose-peltate thallus and red, crowded apothecia ± immersed in the thallus. The thalline cortex, parathecium, and hypothecium are paraplectenchymatous. The algal layer is discontinuous, consisting of distinct groups of algae. The ascospores are ellipsoid, medium-sized with medium-thick septa. Pycnidia are abundant and completely immersed (Wilk et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae (fide Wijayawardene et al. 2020) and accommodated it in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene). Artocarpomyces Subram. Hongsanan et al. (2020) listed this genus under Tubeufiaceae however, this genus lacks DNA sequence data. Hence we tentatively transferred it to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Ascagilis K.D. Hyde This genus was resurrected in Aliquandostipitaceae to accommodate four species segregated from Aliquandostipite and another two new species based on distinct morphology and multi-locus phylogeny (Dong et al. 2020) (W. Dong).Ascospirella Houbraken et al.Ascospirella is a monotypic genus in Trichocomaceae and is phylogenetically most closely related to Thermomyces. Thermomyces contains thermophilic species (T. lanuginosus Tsikl., T. dupontii (Griffon & Maubl.) Houbraken & Samson), while the sole member in Ascospirella (i.e. Ascospirella lutea (Zukal) Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson) is a mesophile. Ascospirella can be further distinguished from Thermomyces by the production of penicillium-like conidiophores and yellow to orange ascomata. The production of ascospores with conspicuous transverse or spiral ridges or striations is a striking feature for Ascospirella (Houbraken et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Asteromidium Speg. Asteromidium was introduced by Spegazzini (1888) to accommodate the species, A. imperspicuum Speg. collected from living leaves of an unidentified member of the Sapindaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Asteronia (Sacc.) Henn. Saccardo (1882) introduced Asteronia as a subgenus of Asteronia Sacc. Henning (1895) raised Asteronia to genus rank with A. sweetiae as the type species. Lumbsch & Hundorf (2010) treated Asteronia as a member of Microthyriaceae. Hyde et al. (2013) transferred Asteronia to Dothideomycetes genus incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the type specimen of A. sweetiae and transferred Asteronia to Perisporiopsidaceae based on the superficial ascomata with surrounding mycelia, and ellipsoidal oblong, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores (D. Pem).Atrophysma T. Sprib.This genus has been introduced by Spribille et al. (2020) and its features are: A cyanolichen with minutely coralloid, finger-like lobes over a black hypothallus, similar to Placynthium but ascospores are simple, similar to Leciophysma but with dark blue-black pigments in the apothecium; asci lacking an amyloid apical tube (F. Selcuk).Atrozythia J.K. Mitch. et al.Atrozythia was introduced by Mitchell et al. (2021) for the new species A. klamathica and the new combination A. lignicola (M. Erdoğdu).Aulographales Crous et al. This order, which was introduced in light of the data obtained as a result of the rearrangement of Aulographum and Rhizodiscina, includes two families as Aulographaceae and Rhizodiscinaceae. Members of this order are saprobic on leaves and wood (Haridas et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Aurantiolachnea Van Vooren Three new genera were introduced by Van Vooren et al (2020) to accommodate several species previously assigned to Trichophaea or morphologically close genera: Perilachnea with Lachnea hemisphaerioides as type species, Aurantiolachnea with Lachnea solsequia as type species, and Parawilcoxina with P. inexpectata as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Aureoconidiella Hern.-Restr. & Crous Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2020) introduced this genus and accommodated it in Aureoconidiellaceae (F. Selcuk).Aureoconidiellaceae Hern.-Restr. & Crous This new family was introduced by Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2020) with the type genus Aureoconidiella, which refers to as the golden-brown conidia (F. Selcuk).Aureoconidiellales Hern.-Restr. & CrousAureoconidiellales was introduced as a result of phylogenetic analysis of Aureoconidiellaceae. The order differs from the related lineages Asterinales and Cladoriellales based on the morphology of the asexual morphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Babjevia Van der Walt & M.T. Sm. This genus was recently reinstated and removed from synonymy with Dipodascopsis (Yamazaki et al. 2020) (W.P. Pfliegler).Babosia D.G. Knapp et al. Knapp et al. (2020) introduced Babosia within Pezizaceae to accommodate B. variospora D.G. Knapp et al. (the type species). Babosia variospora is characterized by a dark sporogenous zone and dark brown spores at maturity, the clear peridermal layer at maturity, and the variability of the ornamentation of the ascospores (M. Erdoğdu).Baidera Ertz & Diederich This genus was introduced for the new species Baidera mauritiana. Molecular analyses of rpb2 sequence data placed Baidera in Roccellaceae (Diederich & Ertz 2020) (D. Ertz).Basidiodesertica Maharachch. et al.Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) introduced this new hyphomycetes genus within Corticiaceae to accommodate Basidiodesertica hydei based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (LSU, SSU and ITS) and protein-coding genes (tef1-α, rpb2 and tub), plus morphological comparisons (M. Erdoğdu).Batnamyces Noumeur The name is in reference to the town in Algeria where the ex-type strain was isolated as an endopyte of an endemic plant. It differs from the genera Canariomyces, Stolonocarpus and Madurella to which it appears phylogenetically most closely related, in the absence of sexual features and conidiogenous structures, except for producing terminal chains of hyphal chlamydospores, despite extensive culturing attempts. All related species, on the other, hand are known to sporulate readily. The ex-type strain of the genus was also characterized by extensive studies on its secondary metabolites and several new compounds were reported (Noumeur et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk & M. Stadler).Begerowomyces Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai The genus named in honour of Dr. Dominik Begerow is introduced for the branch represented by strain CGMCC 2.3164, which formed a separate clade from members of Cystobasidiales. The genus is mainly circumscribed by phylogenetic analysis of a seven loci dataset, where it is placed as a separate branch within Cystobasidiales (Li et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Belizeana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1987) introduced Belizeana with B. tuberculata as the type species. Kohlmeyer & Volkmann Kohlmeyer (1987) placed Belizeana in Pleosporaceae. Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) transferred Belizeana to Elsinoaceae. Jones et al. (2015) transferred Belizeana to Dothideales genus incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined a paratype specimen of B. tuberculata (IMS 4209) and transferred Belizeana to Dothidotthiaceae based on its subglobose, dark brown to black ascomata, clavate to cylindrical asci and 1-septate, ellipsoidal, pale brown ascospores (D. Pem).Bellamyces Crous et al. The monotypic genus Bellamyces was introduced by Shen et al. (2020) with B. quercus as the type species. The conidia of Bellamyces are solitary, transversely multiseptate, and rarely oblique. Phylogenetically, it is not related to any other species known from sequence data (F. Selcuk).Benniella Vandepol & Bonito This is a monotypic genus with Benniella erionia, described in 2020 from Australia (holotype FLAS-F-66497). The species is known from Africa, Australia and the United States. Benniella was isolated from dried soils (Vandepol et al. 2020) (J. Pawłowska).Bergerella Diederich & Lawrey Lawrey et al. (2020) introduced this genus. Bergerella atrofusca, which is the type species of the genus, is mainly characterized by the extremely small, dark reddish-brown and shiny bulbils that develop superficially as a virulent pathogen on the thallus of Physcia sp. (F. Selcuk).Biconiosporella Schaumann Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae (fide Wijayawardene et al. 2020) and accommodated it in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Blastophragmia Jian Ma et al. Blastophragmia was introduced by Ma et al. (2021) based on B. plurisetulosa collected on dead branches of unidentified plants in Hainan Province, China. The fungus is distinguished by macronematous, unbranched, determinate or percurrently extending conidiophores, and solitary, acrogenous, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 3-euseptate, smooth, brown conidia with a single apical setula and 2–4 basal setulae, seceding rhexolytically from monoblastic, integrated, terminal conidiogenous cells (Ma et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Boekhoutia Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai This genus was introduced for the branch represented by strain CGMCC 2.4539, which formed a separate clade from Kurtzmanomyces. The genus is mainly circumscribed by phylogenetic analysis of a seven genes dataset, in which it occurred as a separate branch within Chionosphaeraceae (Li et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Bolbea Buaya & Thines The diagnostic features of this genus is based on Bolbea parasitica and are holocarpic parasitoid Oomycetes. The genus differs from Atkinsiella by the lack of sacculate hyphae in culture and from Blastulidium by its much more infrequent hyphal constrictions and more regular hyphae. It differs from other members of the Leptomitales by its crustacean host (Buaya & Thines 2020) (F. Selcuk).Bombardiaceae S.K. Huang & K.D. Hyde Huang et al. (2021b) introduced this family to accommodate five genera viz., Apodospora, Bombardia, Bombardioidea, Fimetariella, and Ramophialophora (N. Wijayawardene).Bonaria Bat Batista (1959) introduced Bonaria with B. lithocarpi as the type species. Bonaria lithocarpi was previously known as Protopeltis lithocarpi but was not congeneric with the type species of Protopeltis. Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) placed Bonaria in Micropeltidaceae while Hyde et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al. (2018) treated Bonaria in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) tentatively transferred Bonaria to Naetrocymbaceae based on immersed, subglobose, black ascomata, 8-spored, bitunicate, thick-walled, obpyriform asci and multi-seriate, oblong to long ellipsoid, hyaline, 1- septate ascospores (D. Pem).Boothiella Lodhi & MirzaHuang et al. (2021b) listed this genus under Sordariaceae. In the previous outline, Wijayawardene et al. (2020) regarded Boothiella as Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Botryochora Torrend. Torrend (1914) introduced Botryochora with B. nigra (Torrend) Torrend as the type species. Torrend (1914) placed Botryochora in Nectriaceae, Sordariomycetes. Hawksworth et al. (1995) and Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) treated Botryochora in Dothioraceae. Thambugala et al. (2014) observed a specimen of B. nigra from BPI and transferred Botryochora to Dothideales, genera incertae sedis based on asexual morph morphology. Pem et al. (2019b) re-studied a specimen of B. nigra (S-F49313) and treated Botryochora in Dothideales, genus incertae sedis following Thambugala et al. (2014) (D. Pem).Brachiampulla Réblová & Hern.-Restr. Based on a detailed comparison of the material of Zanclospora urewerae and the description and illustration of Selenosporella verticillata. Réblová et al. (2021a) considered that both species identical and introduced Brachiampulla for Selenosporella verticillata and Zanclospora urewerae. Brachiampulla verticillata resembles S. acicularis and S. aristata in the morphology of conidiogenous cells with minute phialidic openings formed after sympodial elongation (Réblová et al. 2021a) (M. Erdoğdu).Brahmaculus P.R. Johnst. Johnston et al. (2021) introduced Brahmaculus in Chlorociboriaceae to accommodate four new species. All species of the genus have bright yellow apothecia with several apothecial cups held on short branches at the tip of a long stipe. They differ from species referred to Chlorociboria the only other genus in Chlorociboriaceae, in their terrestrial habitat and ascomata that are noticeably more hairy than the known Chlorociboria species, most of which have apothecia with short, macroscopically indistinct hair-like elements (Johnston et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Brijax M. Krings & C.J. Harper (fossil)Krings & Harper (2020) introduced Brijax to accommodate to B. amictus, a fossil with possible affinity to Chytridiomycota. It was recorded in inter-fungal relationship in the 410-million-yr-old Rhynie chert, colonizing the walls of glomeromycotan acaulospores (M. Erdoğdu & R.K. Saxena).Britzelmayria D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Britzelmayria, with B. supernula as the type species, was introduced by Wächter & Melzer (2020). Britzelmayria supernula was described based on the stipe distinctly rooting, cystidia with greenish deposits, presence of pileocystidia or similar elements, and phylogenetic analyses (Wächter & Melzer 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Brocchiosphaera K. Yamag. et al.Brocchiosphaera was introduced by Yamaguchi et al. (2020) based on B. brocchiata collected from a balsa-wood block immersed in water. Conidial characteristics of this genus are different from those of Candelabrum sensu stricto, synonymized in Hyaloscypha, because of its orange conidia and no basal plate in the conidium, which is composed of dichotomously or trichotomously branched cells (Yamaguchi et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Brykendrickia Rajn.K. Verma et al.A monotypic genus Brykendrickia was introduced by Verma et al. (2021) to accommodate B. catenata collected from decaying culms of bamboo species from Indian forests (M. Erdoğdu).Bryoclavula H. Masumoto & Y. Degawa A new clavarioid, lichenized basidiomycete was described from Japan based on morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new taxon occurs on unidentified senescent bryophytes on a moist large rock outcrop. Although this fungus forms basidiomata on bryophytes, no direct relationship between the mycelia and the bryophytes was observed. The mycelia are consistently associated with green algae present on the surface of the bryophytes, indicating the lichenization of this species. The basidiomata were collected in late autumn to early winter (Masumoto & Degawa 2020) (F. Selcuk).Bryopelta Döbbeler & Poelt Döbbeler & Poelt (1978) introduced Bryopelta within Pleosporaceae to accommodate B. variabilis. Bryopelta is characterized by erumpent ascomata at maturity, with peridium cells of textura angularis to textura porrecta, and ascospores generally 1-septate and rarely 1–3-septate (Döbbeler et al. 1978). Subsequently, Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) referred this genus to Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis. Li et al. (2014) then accommodated Bryopelta to Mycosphaerellaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Bryopistillaria Olariaga et al.A monotypic genus Bryopistillaria was introduced by Olariaga et al. (2020) to accommodate B. sagittiformis described based on its 2.5–6(–9) μm broad medulla hyphae and 4–10(–12) μm broad globose to subglobose subhymenial hyphae (M. Erdoğdu). Bryorbilia Baral & E. Rubio Bryorbilia was established by Baral et al. (2020) to accommodate B. arenicola which grew on burnt, sandy soil among Ceratodon purpureus (M. Erdoğdu).Burrowsia Fryday & I. Medeiros The new genus Burrowsia was introduced to accommodate the new species B. cataractae, which is known from only a single locality in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Burrowsia is characterized by its pigmented, submuriform ascospores and ascus with an apical tube structure, and also by its DNA sequence data that place it outside related buellioid genera (Fryday et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Byssocallis Syd. Sydow (1927) introduced Byssocallis with B. phoebes as the type species. Petrak (1931) and Pirozynski (1977) synonymized Byssocallis with Puttemansia based on the presence of apiculate ascospores. Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) placed Byssocallis to Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the syntype of Byssocallis phoebes and transferred Byssocallis to Perisporiopsidaceae based on superficial ascomata with surrounding mycelia, and ellipsoidal oblong, 1 or more septate, hyaline ascospores (D. Pem).Byssolophis Clem. Clements (1931) introduced Byssolophis with B. byssiseda as the type species. Wijayawardene et al. (2014) placed Byssolophis in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis. Zhang et al. (2012) re-examined the type specimen of B. byssiseda and suggested morphological similarities to species in Lophiostoma, but did not suggest a taxonomic placement. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the isotype of the second species, B. sphaerioides and reported similar morphology to taxa in Tetraplosphaeriaceae namely scattered to gregarious ascomata, immersed to superficial, gabrous or with brown hyphae, cylindrical to clavate asci with a short pedicel and 1–3-septate, hyaline to pale brown ascospores surrounded by a narrow appendage-like sheath. Pem et al. (2019b) transferred Byssolophis to Tetraplosphaeriaceae based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses using putative strains of Byssolophis sphaerioides (IFRDCC 2053). Fresh collections and sequence data of the type specimen, B. byssiseda is needed to confirm this taxonomic placement (D. Pem).Byssothecium Fuckel Fuckel (1861) introduced Byssothecium with B. circinans as the type species. Boise (1983) considered Byssothecium to be closely related to Teichospora. Zhang et al. (2009) accepted Byssothecium as a genus in Massarinaceae. Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014) treated Byssothecium in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis. In the phylogenetic analysis of Chethana et al. (2015) and Thambugala et al. (2015), Byssothecium forms a distinct clade in Massarinaceae. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the isotype of B. circinans and transferred Byssothecium to Massarinaceae based on the morphological similarities to Pseudosplanchonema namely pseudothecioid ascomata and cylindro-clavate asci and phylogenetic analyses of available strains of B. circinans (CBS 675.92) (D. Pem).Caatingomyces T.G.L. Oliveira et al. A new monotypic genus Caatingomyces within Teratosphaeriaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (2019) to accommodate C. brasiliensis T.G.L. Oliveira et al. based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU rDNA sequence data, morphology and ecology. Caatingomyces is related to Readeriella species, but was placed in a distinct clade with high support (M. Erdoğdu).Caldesites Puri (fossil) Caldesites resembles ascospores of Caldesia sabina recorded from the Senonian sediments of Nigeria (R.K. Saxena).Calliderma (Romagn.) LargentRomagnesi (1974) introduced Rhodophyllus section Calliderma to contain species of Entolomataceae that have a hymeniform pileipellis most commonly with a single layer of pileocystidia. Largent (1994) raised Calliderma to generic rank. Calliderma is characterized by basidiomata with a tricholomatoid habit, a pruinose, tomentose, velutinous or rivulose pileus surface, microscopically corresponding to a hymeniform pileipellis or a true hymeniderm, and septa on the hyphae are with or without clamp connections (Largent 1994) (M. Erdoğdu).Camptomeris Syd. Sydow (1927) introduced Camptomeris to accommodate C. calliandrae (type species) collected from living leaflets of Calliandra similis. Currently, the genus is represented by eleven species (M. Erdoğdu).Camptosphaeria Fuckel Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae (fide Wijayawardene et al. 2020) and accommodated in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Candelinella S.Y. Kondr. Kondratyuk et al. (2020b) introduced Candelinella within Cancellidiaceae to accommodate C. makarevichiae. Candelinella is similar to Candelina, but differs in having indistinct areolate to squamulose thallus, not being firmly attached to the substrate, and in having simple to 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid to oblong ascospores, as well as in the lack of lower cortex and medulla, and the lack of distinctly lobed thallus in the peripheral portion (Kondratyuk et al. 2020b) (M. Erdoğdu).Candolleomyces D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Wächter & Melzer (2020) analyzed Psathyrellaceae using phylogenetic and morphological characters and introduced six new, monophyletic genera (Candolleomyces, Britzelmayria, Narcissea, Olotia, Punjabia and Tulosesus). The type species is of Candolleomyces is C. candolleanus (M. Erdoğdu).Canomyces Rahul Sharma & Shouche Sharma & Shouche (2020) introduced Canomyces within Onygenaceae to accommodate C. reticulatus (the type species). Canomyces reticulatus is phylogenetically close to Currahomyces indicus, Neogymnomyces demonbreunii and Renispora flavissima. Although the gross morphology of the ascomata of Canomyces reticulatus is somewhat similar to Neogymnomyces demonbreunii, it differs in shape and size of the ascospore and the type of asexual morph which is arthroconidial in the former and Chrysosporium in the latter (Sharma & Shouche 2020) (M. Erdoğdu). Capellomyces Hanafy et al.See under Agriosomyces (M. Erdoğdu).Capillidium B. Huang & Y. NieNie et al. (2020) revised Conidiobolus and introduced three new genera Capillidium, Microconidiobolus and Neoconidiobolus. Conidiobolus sub gen. Capillidium was established to include species with capilliconidia (Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982). Based on phylogenetic analysis, Nie et al. (2020) raised the subgenus Capillidium to generic rank (M. Erdoğdu).Carneothele Fryday et al. The genus was introduced by Spribille et al. (2020) based on morphology. It is similar to Thelocarpon, which shares minute ascomata on organic substrata with the occasional presence of a yellow pruina, plus the multi-spored asci that gradually taper to a narrow apex. However, it differs from that genus in the more robust red-brown ascomata with the wall pigment forming magenta crystals in 10% KOH (F. Selcuk).Catabotryales K.D. Hyde & Senan. Catabotryales was formally introduced by Hyde et al. (2020b). This order is distinct from its sister orders in having astromatic ascomata, broad cylindrical asci and ellipsoidal to cylindrical ascspores without a mucilaginous sheath (Hyde et al. 2020b) (F. Selcuk).Catenuliconidia N.G. Liu & K.D. Hyde Based on morphology and phylogeny, Catenuliconidia was introduced by Yuan et al. (2020) to accommodate C. uniseptata and belongs in Xylariales genus incertae sedis (M. Erdoğdu).Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf et al. Jiang et al. (2021a) regarded Ceratosphaerella castillensis, the type species of Ceratosphaerella as congeneric with Ophioceras and thus introduced a new combination, Ophioceras castillensis. However, the authors did not consider morphology carefully thus we believe that it is not wise to conclude the synonymy based only on phylogeny which is based on a few strains in the family. Hence, we reinstate Ceratosphaerella, pending future studies (K.D. Hyde). Cercosperma G. Arnaud ex B. Sutton & Hodges Cercosperma was introduced by Arnaud (1954) with C. subsessilis G. Arnaud, which remained a nomen nudum. Sutton & Hodges (1981) subsequently validated the generic name Cercosperma and typified by C. arnaudii B. Sutton & Hodges collected on Eucalyptus litter from Brazil (M. Erdoğdu).Chromelosporiopsis Hennebert A new name Chromelosporiopsis was introduced by Hennebert (2020) for Chromelosporium carneum and C. coerulescens. Chromelosporiopsis differs from Chromelosporium by its synnematous conidiophores and irregular successive bifurcate branching (Hennebert 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Cinnabaria Wilk et al. The monospecific genus Cinnabaria was introduced by Wilk et al. (2021) to accommodate C. Boliviana. Cinnabaria boliviana is similar to members of the “Caloplaca” cinnabarina group, recently separated as Brownliella, but differs in ascospore size, among other features. The species is characterized by a yellowish, areolate thallus, sublobate at the margin, and immersed, red apothecia, contrasting with the thallus color (Wilk et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore This is a recognised genus in the Halosphaeriaceae and C. macrocephala is the type species. Cirrenalia is polyphyletic but the correct Cirrenalia is based on a marine fungus (E.B.G. Jones).Cladocillium Chun-Hao Chen & R. Kirschner Molecular phylogenetic analyses made by Chen et al. (2020) in several loci (LSU, ITS, tef1-α, rpb2) indicated a relationship with cercosporoid fungi. Since there is no other known lineages with similar morphology or DNA sequences, the new genus and species C. musae Chun-Hao Chen & R. Kirschner was introduced (F. Selcuk).Cladosporiales Abdollahz. & Crous This order, which includes saprobic, endophytic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, human and plant pathogens, was introduced based on the phylogenetic analyses by Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020), to accommodate Cladosporiaceae Chalm. & R.G. Archibald, which was previously placed in Capnodiales (F. Selcuk).Columnomyces R.K. Benj. The genus comprises four species. Perreau et al. (2021) described new three species, including a fossil representative, C. electri, from a cholevine beetle (Proptomaphaginus alleni) embedded in Dominican amber. Thus far, only two fossil species of Laboulbeniales are known, Columnomyces electri and Stigmatomyces succini from a diopsid fly in Bitterfeld amber (Rossi et al. 2005) (D. Haelewaters). Commelinaceomyces E. Tanaka A novel genus, Commelinaceomyces has been reported based on morphological and molecular studies, which infects flowers of Murdannia keisak (Commelinaceae) in Japan. The asexual morph forms dusty spore masses composed of thick-walled conidia in the flowers of Commelinaceae. The conidia germinate to form filamentous hyphae. Secondary conidia are globose, hyaline. The generic type is C. aneilematis (Tanaka et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Comminutisporales Abdollahz. & Crous Members of this order are saprobic. The name refers to Comminutispora A.W. Ramaley. Based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and ecology, Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) introduced this order to accommodate Comminutisporaceae (F. Selcuk).Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Moster Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Togniniaceae and accommodated it in Sordariomycetes genus incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Coniosporiaceae Crous et al. Coniosporiaceae Nann. 1934 (Nannizzi 1934) is invalid. Hence, Coniosporiaceae Crous et al. 2020 was introduced by Haridas et al. (2020) in detailed phylogenetic analysis (F. Selcuk).Coniosporiales Crous et al. Coniosporium Link was revisited by Haridas et al. (2020). However, there are no DNA sequence data available from the type, and the species needs to be recollected and epitypified (F. Selcuk).Copromyces N. Lundq. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Sordariaceae and accommodated it in Ascomycota genus incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Corylicola Wijesinghe et al. Wijesinghe et al. (2020) introduced this genus to accommodate C. italica isolated from Coryllus avellana L. in Italy. It has similar characters compared to other genera of Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde. These are solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose and ostiolate ascomata; anastomosing and branching pseudoparaphyses; cylindrical asci with a well-developed ocular chamber and short furcate pedicel; and single-septate ascospores. The coelomycetous asexual morph of Corylicola has holoblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells and light brown conidia analogous to other members of the family. Corylicola differs from the other genera of Bambusicolaceae in having yellowish-brown ascospore masses at the apex of the ascomatal neck (F. Selcuk).Cristataspora Robledo & Costa-Rezende Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, Cristataspora was introduced by Costa-Rezende et al. (2020) to accommodate two species of Ganoderma (G. coffeatum and G. flaviporum) with pale context and truncate basidiospores with endosporic ornamentation as ridges (M. Erdoğdu).Crittendenia Diederich et al. Crittendenia was introduced by Millanes et al. (2021) to accommodate C. coppinsii and C. lichenicola. Crittendenia is characterized by minute synnemata-like basidiomata, clamp connections and aseptate tubular basidia from which 4–7 spores discharge passively, often in groups (Millanes et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Crossopsoraceae Aime & McTaggart Crossopsoraceae was established by Aime & McTaggart (2021) to accommodate the genera Angiopsora, Catenulopsora, Crossopsora, Kweilingia, Neoolivea, Neophysopella and Stomatisora in the order Pucciniales. Crossopsoraceae is similar to Phakopsoraceae, differing in that the majority of sporothalli infect Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Rhamnaceae and Vitaceae with none known on Annonaceae and Euphorbiaceae and that some species are known to be heteroecious (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Cryolevonia A. Pontes et al. Pontes et al. (2020) introduced the cryophilic yeast Cryolevonia in Camptobasidiaceae to accommodate C. schafbergensis (the type species) (M. Erdoğdu).Cryphognomonia C.M. Tian & N. Jiang This genus was introduced by Yang et al. (2020) with C. pini as the type species. Moreover, the genus was accommodated in Gnomoniaceae (F. Selcuk).Cryptosphaerella Sacc.In the previous outline of fungi, this genus was listed in Scortechiniaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). However, Huang et al. (2021a) regarded that this genus belongs in Niessliaceae, Hypocreales (N. Wijayawardene). Crystallicutis El-Gharabawy et al. El-Gharabawy et al. (2021) introduced Crystallicutis to accommodate three new species and a new combination based on morphological and molecular data. The distinctive feature of Crystallicutis is the presence of crystal-encrusted hyphae in the hymenium and subiculum. Basidiomes are usually honey-yellow with white margins, but there is variability in the presence of clamp connections and cystidia, as noted for other genera within Irpicacae (El-Gharabawy et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Currahomyces Rahul Sharma & Shouche Currahomyces was introduced by Sharma & Shouche (2020) based on C. indicus collected from a hen resting area in India. Morphologically, C. indicus resembles Amauroascus due to it fragile ascoma and broadly punctate-reticulate ascospores (Sharma & Shouche 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Cyberloma Minter Minter (2020) introduced Cyberloma to accommodate C. acerinae (the type species), which infects fish of the families Atherinidae, Gobiidae and Percidae in Europe (M. Erdoğdu).Cylindromonium Crous Crous et al. (2019a) introduced Cylindromonium within the Nectriaceae to accommodate C. eugeniicola (the type species) collected from leaf litter of Eugenia capensis (M. Erdoğdu).Cylindrosympodiaceae Crous et al.This family has been introduced by Shen et al. (2020) to accommodate Cylindrosympodium, based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, morphological and ecological characteristics (F. Selcuk).Dactylodendron Stchigel et al. Rodríguez-Andrade et al. (2020) introduced Dactylodendron to accommodate D. pinicola (formerly Arthrographis pinicola) and two new species. Dactylodendron, is phylogenetically closely related to Onygenales and is characterized by its branched conidiophores and the production of chains of arthroconidia (Rodríguez-Andrade et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Desertiserpentica Maharachch. et al.Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) introduced this genus within Lophiostomataceae to accommodate Desertiserpentica hydei based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (LSU, SSU and ITS) and protein-coding genes (tef1-α, rpb2 and tub), plus morphological comparisons (M. Erdoğdu).Diabolocovidia Crous Crous et al. (2020a) introduced this genus which is accommodated in Xylariaceae (F. Selcuk).Diarthonis Clem. Cannon et al. (2020) resurrected this genus in Arthoniaceae which was regarded as a synonym of Arthonia. Diarthonis is currently monotypic, (type species: Diarthonis spadicea (Bas. Arthonia spadicea) based on molecular analyses by Frisch et al. (2014) (D. Ertz).Didymocyrtidium Vain.Vainio (1921) introduced Didymocyrtidium without designating a type species. Didymocyrtidium accommodated three species Didymocyrtidium mozambicum, Didymocyrtidium nudum and Didymocyrtidium populnellum. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the holotype specimen Didymocyrtidium populnellum and Didymocyrtidium nudum and selected Didymocyrtidium nudum as the lectotype based on morphology. Pem et al. (2019b) did not typify the genus with Didymocyrtidium populnellum because the specimen was doubtful with the occurrence of two types of fungi (D. Pem).Diffractella Guarro et al.Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae (fide Wijayawardene et al. 2020) and accommodated it in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Dimorphoma L.W. Hou et al.Hou et al. (2020) introduced this genus within Didymellaceae to accommodate Dimorphoma saxea. Dimorphoma saxea was described from stone and is characterized by pycnidia with an extremely thin pycnidial wall, being almost hyaline when the conidia have exuded (Aveskamp et al. 2010) (M. Erdoğdu).Diplodites Teterevn.-Babajan & Tasl. ex Kalgutkar et al. (fossil) Diplodites was introduced for spores similar to extant Diplodia (current name: Botryospheria) from Tertiary strata of Armenia. Palaeodiplodites is a later synonym of Diplodites (R.K. Saxena).Diplogelasinosporaceae Y. Marin & Stchigel Based on morphological and sequence data, Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced three new families Diplogelasinosporaceae, Naviculisporaceae, and Schizotheciaceae to accommodate taxa, which were formerly included in Lasiosphaeriaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Disparidicellites Kalgutkar & Janson. (fossil) This monotypic genus is characterized by inaperturate spores having two cells of unequal size, the proximal cell being much smaller and thinner-walled than the distal cell (R.K. Saxena).Dissingia K. Hansen et al. Hansen et al. (2019) introduced Dissingia within the Helvellaceaeto to accommodate four new combinations (viz., D. confusa, D. crassitunicata, D. leucomelaena and D. oblongispora). Dissingia is characterized by asci with simple septa at the bases (Hansen et al. 2019) (M. Erdoğdu).Distobactrodesmium Z. Niu et al. Distobactrodesmium was introduced by Niu et al. (2021) to accommodate Bactrodesmium rahmii, characterized by sporodochial conidiomata that produce distoseptate, brown to dark brown phragmoconidia through monoblastic conidiogenous cells (M. Erdoğdu).Distothelia Aptroot Hongsanan et al. (2020) synonymized the type species of this genus with Bogoriella and confirmed its placement in Trypetheliaceae. The only other species known in this genus was given its own new genus Schummia (A. Aptroot).Dothidasteromella Höhn. Höhnel (1910) introduced Dothidasteromella with D. sepulta as the type species. Von & Müller (1975) placed Dothidasteromella in Asterinaceae based on morphology such as the presence of subcuticular hypostromata and superficial hyphae lacking appressoria. Hongsanan et al. (2014) re-examined the holotype and isotype specimen of D. sepulta and placed Dothidasteromella in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis as the morphological characters were not clear. Pem et al. (2019b) re-observed the holotype specimen of D. sepulta (F56756) and transferred Dothidasteromella to Asterinaceae based on morphology namely Y-shaped thyriothecia, 8-spored oblong to subglobose asci, lacking a pedicel and 1-septate brown ascospores which are typical of Asterina (D. Pem).Dubujiana D.R. Reynolds & G.S. GilbertReynolds & Gilbert (2005) introduced Dubujiana with D. glandulifera as type species. Pem et al. (2019b) studied the holotype of D. glandulifera and placed Dubujiana in a new family Dubujianaceae based on its unique morphology; viz., namely hyphopodiate pycnidia, conidiomatal walls composed of dark-brown walled cells of textura globulosa and 1-septate, punctate hyaline to pale brown conidia (D. Pem).Ectodidymella L.W. Hou et al. Ectodidymella was established by Hou et al. (2020) to accommodate Phoma nigrificans. The sexual morph of Phoma nigrificans (= Didymella macropodii) is morphologically similar with species of Didymella Sacc. However, phylogenetically it forms a distinct clade that is distant from Didymella and separated from all genera previously described in Didymellaceae. Morphologically, Ectodidymella differs from Didymella by occasionally producing four ascospores in a single ascus, which is rare in Didymellaceae (Hou et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Effetia Bartoli et al. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Sordariaceae and accommodated in Ascomycota genus incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Elaiopezia Van Vooren Based on both molecular data obtained from databases and new studies of type collections of species of Peziza described by Donadini and morphological characters, six new genera were introduced by Van Vooren (2020); Ionopezia, with Peziza gerardii as the type species, Malvipezia, with Peziza howsei as the type species, Elaiopezia with Galactinia polaripapulata as the type species, Paragalactinia with Peziza succosa as the type species, Phylloscypha, with Peziza phyllogena as the type species, and Legaliana with Peziza badia as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Elongaticollum D.S. Tennakoon et al. Tennakoon et al. (2020) introduced this genus within Phaeosphaeriaceae to accommodate Elongaticollum hedychii. Elongaticollum is characterized by dark brown to black, superficial, obpyriform, pycnidial conidiomata with a distinct elongate neck, and oval to oblong, hyaline, aseptate conidia. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian) of combined ITS, LSU, SSU and tef1-α sequence data revealed Elongaticollum as a distinct genus within Phaeosphaeriaceae with high statistical support (Tennakoon et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Elongaticonidia W.J. Li  et al.Li et al. (2020a) described Elongaticonidia with Elongaticonidia rosae as the type, from Rosa canina (V. Thiyagaraja).Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Lasiosphaeriaceae. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae and accommodated in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Endophragmiella B. Sutton Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Helminthosphaeriaceae. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Helminthosphaeriaceae and accommodated it in Ascomycota genus incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Endosporium Tsuneda Tsuneda (2008) introduced Endosporium with E. populi-tremuloides as the type species. Pem et al. (2019b) studied the holotype specimen of E. populi-tremuloides and placed Endosporium to a new family based on its unique morphological characters such as cylindrical hyphae, ellipsoidal, subglobose to globose endoconida and cellular clumps, globose, obovoid, fusiform blastic conidia and based on phylogenetic analysis of the putative strains of Endosporium populi-tremuloides and E. aviarium (D. Pem).Englerodothis Theiss. & Syd. Theissen & Sydow (1915) introduced Englerodothis with E. kilimandscharica as type species. Hofmann (2009) and Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010) placed Englerodothis in Parmulariaceae. Hyde et al. (2013) excluded Englerodothis from Parmulariaceae based on morphology; viz., enclosed ascomata and a single ascomatal wall layer composed of cells of textura angularis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the type specimen of E. kilimandscharica and placed Englerodothis in Coccoideaceae based on morphology; viz., circular or discoid ascostroma, multi-loculate, dark pigmented, bitunicate asci and 1-septate, light pigmented ascospores (D. Pem). Engleromyces Henn. Zhou et al. (2021) have recently been the first to generate DNA sequence data of a species of Engleromyces and finally confirmed the placement of this genus, whose species form massive stromatal on bamboo that are used in folk medicine, in the Xylariaceae. Previosuly, it had been only retained in the family based on chemotaxonomy and ascospore morphology (cf. Wendt et al. 2018) (M. Stadler).Entrophospora Ames & Schneider Entrophospora was treated as insertae sedis in different classifications (Redecker et al. 2013, Wijayawardene et al. 2018). Nevertheless, all partial rDNA sequences published within the last years, suggest that Entrophospora infrequens belongs to the Claroideoglomus clade (Oehl et al 2011c,d), justifying the use of Entrophosporaceae instead of Claroideoglomeraceae. Additional phylogenetic analysis of distinct isolates suggest that Entrophospora infrequens is a cryptic species. Moreover, it is necessary to assess the type location isolate to confirm the phylogenetic position and clarify the status of genus and family (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno, J. Błaszkowski & F. Oehl).Eosphaeria Höhn. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Lasiosphaeriaceae. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae and accommodated it in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Epigeocarpum Błaszk. et al. Błaszkowski et al. (2021a) introduced the monospecific genus Epigeocarpum based on phylogenetic divergence of E. crypticum from Kamienskia bistrata clade, the type species of Kamienskia (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno & J. Błaszkowski)Erichansenia S. Y. Kondr. et al. This genus was introduced by Kondratyuk et al. (2020a) with E. epithallina as the type species (F. Selcuk).Ericiomyces Karpov & Reñé Ericiomyces, typified by E. syringoforeus, was established by Karpov et al. (2021) based on phylogenetic analyzes and morphological characters. Ericiomyces syringoforeus is a parasitoid with a life cycle composed of zoospores, which attach to the host, encyst, and produce a rhizoidal system (Karpov et al. 2021). This genus showed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in Rhizophydiales thus, Ericiomycetaceae was introduced (M. Erdoğdu & N. Wijayawardene).Eumela Syd. Sydow (1925) introduced Eumela with E. chiococcae as the type species. Several authors placed Eumela in Pseudoperisporiaceae (Lumbsch & Hundorf 2010, Hyde et al. 2013). Boonmee et al. (2017) observed the holotype of Eumela chiococcae (S-F11418) and treated Eumela in Dothideomycetes genus incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the syntype of Eumela chiococcae and transferred Eumela to Antennulariellaceae based on morphology namely aerial mycelium colonies and ascospores features (D. Pem).Evansstolkia Houbraken et al. Evansstolkia forms a single lineage and is a monotypic phylogenetically distinct genus. Conidiophores are paecilomyces-like; conidia brown; chlamydospores present, thick-walled; ascospores decorated with some what jagged, irregular, mostly longitudinal ridges of different length. Thermotolerant to thermophilic (Houbraken et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Fagicola Crous et al.Fagicola has been introduced with F. fagi as the type species. This genus is saprobic on leaves of Fagus sylvatica collected in the Netherlands (Shen et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Fasciodontia Yurchenko & Riebesehl Based on the analyses of ITS and 28S sequences data, Fasciodontia was introduced by Yurchenko et al. (2020) to represent Xylodon bugellensis and related taxa. The genus is characterized by fascicles of skeletal-like hyphae in aculeal trama and thick-walled basidiospores (Yurchenko et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Fibulomyces Jülich Jülich (1972) introduced Fibulomyces within Atheliaceae to accommodate the type species F. mutabilis (M. Erdoğdu).Flagellostrigula Lücking et al. Flagellostrigula was introduced to accommodate Flagellostrigula laureriformis based on pycnidial morphology (Hongsanan et al. 2020). This species shows large pycnidia covered by a thick thalline layer and produces macroconidia with a single, very long, flagelliform appendage at the proximal end (Hongsanan et al. 2020) (V. Thiyagaraja). Flavocillium H. Yu et al. Flavocillium was introduced by Wang et al. (2020a) to accommodate one new species F. bifurcatum and the three new combinations previously treated as members of Lecanicillium. The type species F. bifurcatum is characterized by the fleshy stromata with a bifurcate terminal branch, solitary, yellowish, contorted fertile parts, long conidiophores, lanceolate phialides and two types of cymbiform macroconidia and ellipsoidal to reniform microconidia (Wang et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Foliocryphiaceae C.M. Tian et al.Foliocryphiaceae has been introduced by Jiang et al (2020a) based on phylogenetic analyses of combined gene set of ITS, nrDNA (28S), and tef1-α and rpb2 genes (F. Selcuk).Francisrosea Ertz & SandersonErtz et al. (2021) introduced Francisrosea in Gyalectaceae to accommodate F. bicolor (the type species). Francisrosea is distinguished by having an isolated phylogenetic position as sister to a clade including Gyalidea praetermissa and Neopetractis and Ramonia, and is characterized by an inconspicuous thallus with small discrete erumpent soralia lacking acetone-soluble secondary metabolites detectable by TLC (Ertz et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Fraxinicola Crous et al. The type species of this genus, F. fraxini is parasitic on leaves of Fraxinus excelsior. Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis, morphological and ecological characteristics, Fraxinicola has been described (Shen et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Fumagospora G. Arnaud Fumagospora was introduced by Arnaud (1911) based on F. capnodioides. Species of this genus are related to or associated with species of Capnodium (Arnaud 1911) (M. Erdoğdu).Fusarium Link       There have been several important publications concerning Fusarium but there are conflicting ideas with regards to the taxonomy of the Fusarium group(s). Even though it seems likely that a narrower concept for the genus is preferable (Crous et al. 2021), it is likely to be further argued on the subject in coming publications. In the outline, we provide both options for the classification of fusarium-like species until a broad consensus is reached (K.D. Hyde and M. Thines).Fuscohilum Crous et al.  Shen et al. (2020) introduced this genus with F. rhodensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Fuscosphaeria D.G. Knapp & Pintye Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters, root-colonizing Fuscosphaeria within Trematosphaeriaceae was introduced by Pintye & Knapp (2021) to accommodate F. hungarica isolated from the root of Festuca vaginata (M. Erdoğdu).Fuscutata Oehl et al.See Gigasporales in the discussion (F.A. de Souza & B.T. Goto).Fusichalara S. Hughes & Nag Raj Fusichalara minuta clustered in the family Sclerococcaceae (Réblová et al. 2016, Yu et al. 2018). However, this species is not the type species of the genus (N. Wijayawardene). Fusiformiseptata W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2020) established this genus to accommodate a freshwater species F. crocea and referred it to Pleosporales genera incertae sedis (W. Dong).Fusoidigranularius W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2021a) established this genus in Annulatascaceae to accommodate Fusoidigranularius nilensis segregated from Annulatascus based on distinct morphology and multi-locus phylogeny. (W. Dong).Gamsomyces Hern.-Restr. & Réblová Réblová et al. (2020) have introduced this genus to accommodate the type species, G. longisporus based on phylogenetic analysis (F. Selcuk).Gamszarea Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai Zhang et al. (2020) introduced Gamszarea to accommodate three new species and five new combinations based on morphology and phylogeny. Currently, the genus comprises eight species (Zhang et al. 2020c) (M. Erdoğdu).Geohypha (Fr.) Hennebert Hyphelikaa terrestris, long misapplied to Chromelosporium, was revaluated by Hennebert (2020) as Geohypha terrestris. Geohypha terrestris has narrow, sinuous conidiogenous hyphae and verrucose conidia mixed with young smooth conidia, with relative abundance depending on the maturity of the fungus (Hennebert 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Ghazallomyces Hanafy et al.See under Agriosomyces (M. Erdoğdu).Gibbago E.G. Simmons Simmons (1986) introduced Gibbago with G. trianthemae as the type species. Simmons (1986) placed Gibbago in Pleosporaceae based on morphological similarities with Alternaria, Embellisia, Ulocladium and Stemphylium and this was followed by Wijayawardene et al. (2014). Ariyawansa et al. (2015) placed Gibbago in Pleosporaceae based on phylogenetic analysis of putative strains of G. trianthemae (strain numbers: GT-VM and NFCCI 1886). Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the isotype specimen of G. trianthemae and placed Gibbago in Pleosporaceae based on morphology and phylogeny (D. Pem).Gibberidea Fuckel. Fuckel (1870) introduced Gibberidea with G. visci as the type species. Wijayawardene et al. (2017) treated Gibberidea in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) suggested that the type species of Gibberidea, G. visci is a synonym of Sphaeropsis visci. Pem et al. (2019b) transferred Gibberidea to Botryosphaeriaceae based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis (D. Pem).Gigasporites Carlie J. Phipps & T.N. Taylor (fossil) This monotypic genus of endophytic fungi was recorded from the Early Middle Triassic sediments of Fremouw Peak, near the Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica. The hyphae and arbuscules occupy inter- and intracellular cortical regions (R.K. Saxena).Glomites T.N. Taylor et al. (fossil)Glomites is a genus of endophytic fungi. It is represented by four species, viz., G. cycestris recorded from the Early-Middle Triassic sediments of Fremouw Peak, near Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica, G. rhyniensis from the Early Devonian Rhynie Chert, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, G. sporocarpoides from the Early Devonian Lower Old Red Sandstone. Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and G. vertebrariae from the Late Permian sediments associated with rootlets of Vertebraria, in permineralized peat, Antarctica (R.K. Saxena).Gobabebomyces CrousGobabebomyces was introduced by Crous et al. (2020a) to accommodate G. vachelliae based on phylogenetic analyses, combined with morphology and culture characteristics. It is an asexual, coniothyrium-like coelomycetous morph related to Lembosiniella, a genus of ascomycetes forming dark brown to black, superficial, irregular leaf spots with linear to Y-shaped hysterothecia on Eucalyptus spp. in Australia (Crous et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Gonatobotrys Corda Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus as a synonym of Melanospora but Huang et al. (2021a) regarded this genus as a distinct genus in Ceratostomataceae (N. Wijayawardene). Grigorovia Gouliamova & Dimitrov This genus was introduced by Gouliamova & Dimitrov (2020) to accommodate Kazachstania transvaalensis (W.P. Pfliegler).Gryganskiella Vandepol & Bonito This genus comprises two species previously classified within the Mortierella clade 1 (Wagner et al 2013). Based on previous phylogenetic studies (Wagner et al. 2013), it is likely that more species can be transferred to this genus. The type species is Gryganskiella (type specimen CBS 456.71). The representatives of this genus were reported from agricultural soil and moss in Europe and South America. Vandepol et al. (2020) used low coverage and high-throughput sequencing in order to resolve the phylogeny of Mortierellaceae, which consisted of several polyphyletic taxa. As a result, they found seven new genera (Benniella, Entomortierella, Gryganskiella, Linnemannia, Lunasporangiospora, Necromortierella and Podila) among 13 monophyletic genera (J. Pawłowska & M. Erdoğdu).Guayaquilia R.F. Castañeda et al.Guayaquilia was established by Magdama et al. (2020) to accommodate Idriella cubensis based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. It is characterized by macronematous, tree-like, fasciculate, profuse dichotomously, alternately, or irregularly branched, brown conidiophores with polyblastic, denticulate, sympodial extended, intercalary and terminal conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, sublunate, subnavicular, lunate, inequilateral, (0–)1-septate, hyaline conidia (Magdama et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Halobyssothecium Dayar. et al. Halobyssothecium was established to accommodate a marine fungus Byssothecium obiones (Dayarathne et al. 2018), and later some freshwater species was transferred to this genus (Calabon et al. 2021a) (W. Dong).Halocryptosphaeria Dayar. et al.This genus is saprobic on decaying wood of Avicennia marina. It is characterized by poorly developed entostroma, dorsally limited by a black zone binding the stromatic area, submerged or occasionally deeply buried long-necked ascomata and olive-brown, aseptate ascospores (Dayarathne et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Halotestudina Dayar. & K.D. Hyde This monotypic genus is saprobic on mangrove wood and is typified by H. muriformis. The genus can be easily distinguished from other Testudinaceae genera by its brown muriform ascospores that are constricted at each septum. It is based on morphological examination of a fresh specimen supported by multigene phylogeny to better integrate taxon into higher taxonomic framework and infer its phylogenetic relationships as well as establish a new genus (Dayarathne et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Haniomyces J.C. Xu Note: Wanasinghe et al. (2021) introduced this new genus to accommodate Haniomyces dodonaeae collected from dead twigs of Dodonaea viscosa in China. Haniomyces dodonaeae fits morphologically well into Teratosphaeriaceae by its periphysate ostiole and hyaline ascospores with a single septum in each. However, the dimensions of the asci and ascospores are significantly larger than the existing sexual reports of this family (Wanasinghe et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Hansenopezia Matočec et al. Based on a multiple gene phylogeny and phenetic evidence, Yuan et al. (2020) described two new genera for species classified earlier as “Peziza” for which no name is available: Ionopezia for Peziza gerardii and Hansenopezia for Peziza retrocurvata (M. Erdoğdu).Hantamomyces Crous Based on the phylogenetic analyses, combined with morphology and culture characteristics, Crous et al. (2020a) introduced Hantamomyces as a monotypic genus in Ophiocordycipitaceae. The genus is typified by H. aloidendri collected from leaves of Aloidendron dichotomum in South Africa (Crous et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Hapalophragmites Ramanujam & Ramachar (fossil) This monotypic genus is a common element in the Neyveli lignite (Miocene), Tamil Nadu, India. The fossil spores show close similarity to spores of modern Hapalophragmium (R.K. Saxena).Haploanthostomella Konta & K.D. Hyde Based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined dataset of ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tub2 nucleotide sequence data as well as unique morphological characteristics, Konta et al. (2021a) introduced Haploanthostomella to accommodate H. elaeidis (the type species) collected from dead leaves and rachis of Elaeis guineensis (M. Erdoğdu).Haplohelminthosporium Konta & K.D. Hyde Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, and tef1-α sequence data, the monotypic genus Haplohelminthosporium was established by Konta et al. (2021b) with H. calami as the type species. Haplohelminthosporium is distinguished by its unbranched conidiophores arising solitarily or fasciculate from the stroma-like bulbous basal cells that are hyaline in the middle, brown to red-brown at 1–2-cells above the base, pale brown to red-brown and curved at the apical cell with well-defined non-cicatrized small pores and with a single olive-brown conidium arising from each conidiophore (Konta et al. 2021b) (M. Erdoğdu).Haudseptoria Crous & R.K. Schumach. Crous et al. (2021c) introduced Haudseptoria to accommodate a single species Haudseptoria typhae which was isolated from a deal leaf sheath of Typha species. The genus was established based on morpho-molecular approaches (V. Thiyagaraja). Hausknechtia D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Hausknechtia was erected by Wächter & Melzer (2020) to accommodate Galerella floriformis. The type species H. floriformis was described based on its deliquescent lamellae, the absence of cheilocystidia, and phylogenetic analyses (Wächter & Melzer 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Heitmaniaceae Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai Li et al. (2020) introduced this family based on Heitmania (F. Selcuk).Heitmaniales Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai This order was introduced (based on Heitmania) by Li et al. (2020b) (F. Selcuk).Helgardiomyces Crous Based on phylogenetic analyzes and morphological characters, a monotypic genus Helgardiomyces was introduced by Crous et al. (2021a) to accommodate H. anguioides. Helgardiomyces anguioides is characterized by having fast-growing cultures with long, flexuous, subcylindrical, pluriseptate conidia. Colonies of H. anguioides differ from those of Oculimacula in that they are fast growing, and dull pinkish on PDA, velvety, with an entire margin (Crous et al. 2021a) (M. Erdoğdu).Helminthosporiella Konta & K.D. Hyde Helminthosporiella was introduced by Crous et al. (2016a) to accommodate a new combination of H. stilbacea, in Massarinaceae, the basionym of the type species was not provided with a Latin diagnosis. Konta et al. (2021b) accepted Helminthosporiella as a distinct genus, with type species H. stilbacea. Helminthosporiella has brown to red-brown conidiophores with terminal, polytretic conidiogenous cells, with catenate and easily disarticulating chains of conidia that are medium brown, striated at surface and distoseptate (Crous et al. 2016a) (M. Erdoğdu).Helotiales Nannf. ex Korf & Lizoň Haelewaters et al. (2021a) proposed Cyttariales and Erysiphales as synonym of Helotiales and accommodated Cyttariaceae and Erysiphaceae in Helotiales based on the phylogenetic reconstruction of a 15-locus dataset (D. Haelewaters).Hermetothecium T.F. Nóbrega et al. Crous et al. (2019d) introduced Hermetothecium as belonging to Chaetothyriaceae based on phylogenetic analysis. The closest genera to Hermetothecium in the phylogenetic analysis are Phaeosaccardinula and Vonarxia (Crous et al. 2019d). Phaeosaccardinula has ascomata, with a dark, non-setose pellicle, saccate, bitunicate asci and muriform, hyaline to brownish ascospores (Yang et al. 2014). Vonarxia is based on an asexual morph which is sporodochial, with septate setae (Batista et al. 1960) (M. Erdoğdu).Herpomyces Thaxt. The genus includes 27 species, after the description of Herpomyces shelfordellae from Europe and North America (Haelewaters et al. 2019) and H. spegazzinii from Argentina (Gutierrez et al. 2020). Based on phylogenetic studies, the genus was transferred out of Laboulbeniales to its own order, Herpomycetales (Haelewaters et al. 2019) (D. Haelewaters).Heteropsathyrella T. Bau & J.Q. Yan Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, tef-1α and β-tub), Bau & Yan (2021) introduced the monotypic genus Heteropsathyrella to accommodate H. macrocystidia in Psathyrellaceae. Heteropsathyrella is macromorphologically similar to Psathyrella, but phylogenetically and micromorphologically can be distinguished from it, differing in the special pileipellis which is composed of utriform to subglobose cells covered by a 1 cell deep layer of periclinal hyphae and abundant pseudoparaphyses (Bau & Yan 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Hippopotamyces Crous Hippopotamyces was introduced by Crous et al. (2019d) to accommodate H. phragmitis collected from leaves of Phragmites australis. It has a septoria-like morphology (Quaedvlieg et al. 2013, Verkley et al. 2013), but is phylogenetically distinct, and represents a new genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae (Videira et al. 2017) (M. Erdoğdu).Hirticrusta Matozaki et al. Hirticrusta, typified by H. subradiata was introduced by Matozaki et al. (2020) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Hirticrusta is characterized by annual to biennial and sessile basidiocarps, a semicircular to dimidiate pileus, velutinous to tomentose hairs on the pileus surface, buff to brown context with a crustose layer indicated by a dark brown line forming a longitudinal section below the superficial hairs, a trimitic hyphal system, crustose layer composed of parallel and densely arranged brown hyphae and cylindrical basidiospores (Matozaki et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Hispidopannaria Elvebakk et al. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, nuclear large subunit rRNA, mitochondrial small subunit rRNA, and MCM7 genes, species previously treated as Pannaria hispidula and P. isabellina were shown to represent two new Pannariaceae genera, Hispidopannaria and Phormospsora. Hispidopannaria differs from Pannaria in having large, geotropically arranged, hispid squamules, IKI+ internal ascus structures, and perispores with irregular pulvinate verrucae and apical extensions (Elvebakk et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Hogelandia Hern.-Restr. Crous et al. (2021c) introduced this new genus to accommodate H. lambearum which as isolated from soil in the Netherlands. Hogelandiais is represented only by the asexual morph, characterized by micronematous conidiophores, monoblastic conidiogenous cells and subglobose conidia (Crous et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Holmiella Petrini et al. Petrini et al. (1979) introduced Holmiella with H. sabina, as the type species. Kutorga & Hawksworth (1997) added the second species H. macrospora but without molecular data. Pem et al. (2019b) added two other species H. junipericola and H. juniperi-semiglobosae based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses (D. Pem).Holmiellaceae Maharachch. & Wanas. Based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (LSU, SSU and ITS) and protein-coding genes (tef1-α, rpb2 and tub), plus morphological comparisons, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) introduced Holmiellaceae to accommodate Holmiella in Holmiellales (M. Erdoğdu).Holmiellales Maharachch. & Wanas. Holmiellales was introduced by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) for a lineage of saprobic fungi that were previously placed in the monotypic order Patellariales (M. Erdoğdu).Homortomycetales Maharachch. & Wanas. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) introduced this new order to accommodate Homortomyces, which was previously placed in incertae sedis family in Dothideomycetes (M. Erdoğdu).Homostegia Fuckel Fuckel (1870) introduced Homostegia with H. adusta as the type species. Doilom et al. (2018) studied the lectotype specimen of Homostegia piggotii and confirmed that it is a synonym of Homostegia adusta. Moreover, Doilom et al. (2018) treated Homostegia in Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the holotype of Homostegia adusta and treated Homostegia in Pleosporales, genus incertae sedis following Doilom et al. (2018) (D. Pem).Hyaloterminalis Rathnayaka et al. Rathnayaka et al. (2020) introduced the dematiaceous coelomycetes, Hyaloterminalis with H. alishanensis as the type species. Hyaloterminalis is characterized with pycnidial conidiomata, persistent paraphyses, dark brown, fusiform, 3–4-septate conidia with hyaline pointed apical cells and a hyaline basal cell with truncated ends (Rathnayaka et al. 2020). It is similar to species in Coryneaceae in having fusiform, brown conidia (Hyde et al. 2020b), and differs in having pycnidial conidiomata with paraphyses and hyaline basal cell in the conidia (Rathnayaka et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Hypomontagnella Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lamb.The genus Hypomontagnella (Hypoxylaceae) had recently been segregated from Hypoxylon based on a multi-locus phylogeny (Lambert et al. 2019), and three strains of Hypomontagnella were recently included in the first phylogenomic study that was based on 3^rd generation DNA sequencing techniques. On the one hand, analysis of these data revealed a substantial degree of intragenomic polymorphisms in the rDNA cistron (Stadler et al. 2020), revealing multiple paralogs of the ITS located in one and the same genome that only showed 90% homology to each other for Hypomontagnella monticulosum. On the other hand, analysis of the complete genomes resulted in the recognition of a new species derived from a marine sponge based on a phylogenomic analysis in comparison to its next related, terrestrial plant-associated counterpart (Wibberg et al. 2021). In-depth genomic comparison (revealing differences in over 700 strain-specific proteins) and morphological differences of the cultures were observed. Thus, Hypomontagnella spongiphila is the first fungal species that was recognized based on state of the art genomics technology, such as PACBIO and Oxford nanopore (M. Stadler).Incumbomyces Y. Quan et al.The genus was introduced by Quan et al. (2021) to accommodate black yeast-like fungi. The two novel species were associated with tropical ants (A. Yurkov).Inopinatum Haelew. & Aime. This genus was introduced by Haelewaters et al. (2021b) to accommodate a pink yeast, I. lactosum, which was previously classified in Sporobolomyces (Microbotryomycetes, Sporidiobolales). Molecular phylogenetic analysis placed Inopinatum within the order Thelebolales (Leotiomycetes). Additional yeast-like morphologies within the class were discussed by Tanney & Quijada (2021) (D. Haelewaters).Intraspora (Sieverd. & S. Toro) Oehl & Sieverd. See remarks on Palaeospora (B. Goto).Ionopezia Matočec et al. Based on a multiple locus phylogeny and phenetic evidence, Yuan et al. (2020) described two new genera for species classified earlier as “Peziza” for which no name is available: Ionopezia for Peziza gerardii and Hansenopezia for Peziza retrocurvata (M. Erdoğdu).Italiofungus Crous Crous et al. (2020c) introduced this genus to accommodate Italiofungus phillyreae which was isolated from Phillyrea latifolia in Italy (F. Selcuk).Jennwenomyces Goh & C.H. Kuo This new hyphomycetous genus was introduced by Goh & Kuo (2020) to accommodate J. navicularis, based on morphological and molecular data. Jennwenomyces produces dematiaceous, versicolored, straight, navicular to cylindrical euseptate phragmospores borne on multiple percurrently extending, annellate conidiophores (F. Selcuk).Jianyuniaceae Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai Li et al. (2020b) introduced this family (type genus: Jianyunia) in Agaricostilbales (F. Selcuk).Joblinomyces Hanafy et al.See under Agriosomyces (M. Erdoğdu).Jocatoa R. Miranda A novel genus was described by Miranda-González et al. (2020) from tropical dry forests of Mexico, based on morphological and molecular data of mtSSU, nuLSU and ITS markers. Thallus ecorticate; ascocarps solitary to pseudostromatic; excipulum not carbonized; spores muriform, J+ strongly violet; chemistry of the stictic acid complex (F. Selcuk).Juncomyces Crous The genus introduced by Crous et al (2020a) was isolated from leaves of Juncus effuses. Solitary conidiophores, and multiseptate, obclavate conidia are features that differentiates it from similar genus (Crous et al 2020a) (F. Selcuk).Kaarikia C. Mayers & T.C. Harr. The monotypic genus, Kaarikia was introduced by Mayers et al. (2020) to accommodate K. abrahamsonii. Kaarikia resembles Distoseptispora in general culture morphology and in having thick, darkly pigmented hyphae and multiseptate conidia, but Kaarikia does not produce sporidesmium-like conidiophores; its conidiophores are significantly less-developed, its conidia much less pigmented, and its formation of spherical chlamydospores unique (Mayers et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Kalmanago T. Denchev et al. Based on phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, and SSU rDNA sequences), Denchev et al. (2020) placed this new genus in Microbotryaceae with four new combinations: K. commelinae, K. combensis, K. boliviana and K. tinantiae (M. Erdoğdu).Kaseifertia Réblová et al. Réblová et al. (2020) introduced this genus with K. cubense as the type species which was isolated from fallen leaves of Coccoloba uviferae and leaf litter and decaying wood of Quercus ilex (F. Selcuk).Keithomyces Samson et al. This genus (type species is K. carneus) comprises species isolated mainly from soil and produce conidiophores with divergent whorls of 2–4 phialides; conidia echinulate to aciculate, in chains (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Khoyollomyces Hanafy et al. See under Agriosomyces (M. Erdoğdu).Knightiellastrum L. Ludw. & Kantvilas Ludwig et al. (2020) introduced Knightiellastrum within Icmadophilaceae to accommodate the Tasmanian endemic K. eucalypti, which was provisionally ascribed to Icmadophila by Lumbsch et al. (2011) and then to Knightiella by Kantvilas (2018). Knightiellastrum is characterized by squamulose, erhizinate, whitish to pale grey thallus with a green, coccoid photobiont and by containing thamnolic acid (Ludwig et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu). Koordersiella Höhn. Höhnel (1909) introduced Koordersiella with K. javanica as the type species. Hawksworth (2016) considered K. javanica, and the type species of Hansfordiellopsis, H. aburiensis (now regarded as a synonym of K. insectivora), to be congeneric. Several authors placed Koordersiella in Dothideomycetes genus incertae sedis (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010, Rossman et al. 2016). Pem et al. (2019b) re-examined the holotype specimen of K. javanica and transferred Koordersiella to Lophiotremataceae based on small ascomata, clavate asci, and several septate hyaline ascospores (D. Pem).Kosmimatomyces Bianchin. et al. This novel genus was described by Crous et al. (2020b) with K. alatophylus as the type species in Capnodiaceae. Conidia are holoblastic, 0–1-septate, brown to dark brown, thick walled, globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, ornamented with spines and crater-like warts, with dark scars at one or both ends, arranged in branching acropetal chains (F. Selcuk).Kukwaea Suija et al. This new genus was introduced from coniferous forests in the Asian region of Russia and Europe. The new taxon is characterized by its cupulate, brown ascomata with grey to blackish disc surrounded by brownish-grey hairs. The DNA sequence data confirmed its placement in Helotiales (Suija et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Lacrima Bungartz et al. Bungartz et al. (2020) introduced this genus to accommodate a new species and three new combinations based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data. Currently, the genus comprises four species viz., L. aphanotripta, L. epiphora (the type species), L. galapagoensis and L. sonorae (Bungartz et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Lasiosphaeridaceae S.K. Huang & K.D. Hyde Huang et al. (2021b) introduced this family to accommodate Lasiosphaeris (N. Wijayawardene).Legaliana Van Vooren This new genus was introduced by Van Vooren (2020) with Peziza badia as type species (M. Erdoğdu).Lembosiniella Crous Crous et al. (2019c) introduced Lembosiniella to accommodate two new species based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. The genus is typified by L. eucalyptorum collected from Eucalyptus dunnii in Australia (M. Erdoğdu).Lendemeriella S.Y. Kondr. This genus has been introduced by Kondratyuk et al. (2020a) with L. reptans as the type species. Its features are described based on results of the three gene phylogeny of the Teloschistaceae based on nrITS, nrLSU and mtSSU gene sequence data (Kondratyuk et al. 2020a) (F. Selcuk).Leotiales Korf & Lizoň Haelewaters et al. (2021a) introduced Lichinodiales as a synonym of Leotiales and accommodated Lichinodiaceae Leotiales based on the phylogenetic reconstruction of a 15-locus dataset (D. Haelewaters).Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not. Cesati & De Notaris (1863) introduced Leptosphaeria without designating the type species. Shearer et al. (1990) treated L. doliolum as the lectotype. Leptosphaeria is characterized by superficial ascomata, flattened at the base, papillate, thick, scleroplectenchyma tissue types of peridium and cylindrical asci with ellipsoid to fusoid ascospores with a coelomycetous asexual morph (Crane & Shearer 1991, Hyde et al. 2011, 2013). Since then, several authors added new species to Leptosphaeria (Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Dayarathne et al. 2015, Liu et al. 2015, Phookamsak et al. 2019b). Pem et al. (2020) added L. regiae based on morphology and phylogeny (D. Pem). Liangia H. Yu et al. Liangia was introduced by Wang et al. (2020a) to accommodate L. sinensis isolated from an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria yunnanensis. Liangia sinensis possesses a lecanicillium-like asexual morph and is characterized by white colonies forming a sunken zone at the centrum of dome-shaped mycelial density and verrucose around the margin, solitary and lanceolate phialides occurring directly from the prostrate hyphae, oblong-oval to fusiform macroconidia, and oval to ellipsoidal microconidia existing singly or in pairs at the apex of phialides (Wang et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Liladisca Baral Liladisca was established by Baral et al. (2020) to accommodate Tympanis acicola. The type species, L. acicola is easily recognized by its deep purple-lilac pigment of the intercellular gel like exudate in the entire excipulum when viewing under transmitted light in a water mount (Baral et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Lilapila Baral & G. Marson Lilapila was established by Baral et al. (2020) to accommodate three new species. Lilapila is characterized by purplish-black apothecia covered with large, deep purple, septate, thick-walled, finely warted hairs and (sub)globose ascospores with a single, broad and thin, lens-shaped spore body (Baral et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Limtongozyma Boontham et al.Boontham et al. (2020) described the genus to accommodate newly isolated strains phylogenetically placed close to Candida cylindracea. The description follows the reclassification of asexual Saccharomycetes, which were previously classified in the polyphyletic genus Candida. The original description of the genus was invalid and was corrected by Boontham et al. (2021) (A. Yurkov).Lineolataceae Crous et al. This family was introduced by Haridas et al. (2020) to accommodate Lineolata (type genus) based on phylogenetic analysis (F. Selcuk).Lineolatales Crous et al. This order was introduced to accommodate Lineolataceae Crous et al. by Haridas et al. (2020) based on phylogenetic analysis (F. Selcuk).Linnemannia Vandepol & Bonito The genus comprises eleven species, previously classified within the Mortierella clade 7 (Wagner et al. 2013), called also “gamsii clade”. Based on previous phylogenetic studies (Wagner et al. 2013) probably more species can be transferred to this genus. The type species is Linnemannia hyalina. This genus contains widely distributed Mortierellaceae, and common in neutral or calcareous soils. Most of the species in this genus are isolated from soils and are usually associated with plant rhizospheres or decaying plant matter (Vandepol et al. 2020) (J. Pawłowska). Linosporopsis Voglmayr & Beenken This genus has been introduced by Voglmayr & Beenken (2020) to accommodate four species that had previously been classified within Linospora (Diaporthales). Based on fresh isolates, which were studied morphologically and using a multi-locus genealogy, it was established that these species, which are associated with overwintered dead leaves of various angiosperm trees, show close affinities to the Xylariaceae. Accordingly, the new genus is now placed in the Xylariales (M. Stadler). Linteromyces Crous Based on the phylogenetic analyses, combined with morphology and culture characteristics, Crous et al. (2020a) introduced this monotypic genus to accommodate L. quintiniae collected from leaves of Quintinia sieberi in Australia. Linteromyces resembles Subramaniomyces which has aseptate, polyblastic conidia occurring in branched, acropetal chains on mononematous, branched conidiophores occurring along the length of brown setae. It is morphologically distinct, however, in having solitary conidia, and being phylogenetically unrelated to Subramaniomyces (Crous et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Loculosulcatispora G.C. Ren & K.D. Hyde A new monotypic coelomycetous genus, Loculosulcatispora (the type species L. thailandica) was introduced by Ren et al. (2020) in Pleosporales from woody litter in Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of combined loci (SSU, LSU, ITS) and protein-coding regions (tef1-α, rpb2) shows the genus is a distinct lineage in Sulcatisporaceae. Loculosulcatispora is distinguished from other genera in the family, by 1-celled, oblong, hyaline, smooth-walled conidia with guttules (Ren et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Lonavalomyces Rashmi Dubey (nom. inval.)Lonavalomyces was introduced by Dubey (2020) based on L. indicus collected on dead branches of an unidentified broadleaf tree in Hainan Province, China. Its salient morphological feature includes the presence of simple to branched conidiophores bearing holoblastic, simple to branched conidial chains, possessing large, sphaerical, brown, verrucose apical conidia and small, brown, spherical to subspherical successive conidia (Dubey 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Longiappendispora Mapook & K.D. Hyde Based on morphological comparison with phylogenetic analyses, Mapook et al. (2020) introduced Longiappendispora to accommodate L. chromolaenae within Cainiaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Longididymella L.W. Hou et al. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, Longididymella was introduced in Didymellaceae by Hou et al. (2020) to accommodate two species collected from leaves of Clematis spp. (M. Erdoğdu).Longiseptatispora L.W. Hou & Crous Crous et al. (2020c) introduced Longiseptatispora with L. curvata (F. Selcuk).Longistriata Sulzbacher et al. Longistriata was introduced by Sulzbacher et al. (2020) to accommodate L. flava. Longistriata flava is characterized by a hypogeous habit, a smooth and bright yellow peridium, the presence of cystidia, and the absence of clamp connections in all tissues. In phylogenetic analyses based on LSU and tef-1α, L. flava is phylogenetically sister to the monotypic sequestrate African genus Mackintoshia in Boletaceae (Sulzbacher et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Longivarius W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2021a) established this genus in Annulatascaceae to accommodate Longivarius aquatorba segregated from Annulatascus based on distinct morphology and multi-locus phylogeny (W. Dong).Lophiomurispora Wanas. & Mortimer Wanasinghe et al. (2021) introduced this genus to accommodate L. hongheensis collected from dead twigs of Dodonaea viscosa in China. Lophiomurispora morphologically resembles Coelodictyosporium, Platystomum and Sigarispora with its crest-like ostiole and brown, multi-septate ascospores (Wanasinghe et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Lunasporangiospora Vandepol & Bonito Vandepol et al. (2020) introduced this genus with L. chienii as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Lundqvistomyces Y. Marin & Stchigel Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced this genus with L. karachiensis as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Macroascochyta L.W. Hou et al. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, Macroascochyta was introduced in Didymellaceae by Hou et al. (2020) to accommodate M. grandis which was collected from Tradescantia sp. in New Zealand (M. Erdoğdu).Macroconstrictolumina Lücking et al. Hongsanan et al. (2020) introduced Macroconstrictolumina to encompass four lichenized species. Among these, three species were previously assigned within Constrictolumina and transferred to a newly established genus Macroconstrictolumina based on ascospore morphology. The genus formed a sister clade to Bogoriella in the phylogenetic analysis (Thiyagaraja et al. 2021a) (V. Thiyagaraja & A. Aptroot).Macrovalsaria Petr. Petrak (1962) introduced Macrovalsaria with M. leonensis as the type species. Macrovalsaria leonensis was previously known as Valsaria leonensis but was not congeneric with the type species of Valsaria. Sivanesan (1975) examined the type specimen of M. leonensis and synonymised it under Macrovalsaria megalospora. Li & Zhuang (2009) considered Macrovalsaria to be related to Botryosphaeriales based on phylogenetic analysis of two strains of M. megalospora, which clustered close to Lasiodiplodia. Doilom et al. (2017) described M. megalospora from Tectona grandis in northern Thailand and placed Macrovalsaria in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Pem et al. (2019b) re-studied the specimen of Macrovalsaria leonensis collected by Deighton and carried out phylogenetic analyses with available strains of M. megalospora from Li & Zhuang (2009) and Doilom et al. (2017). Pem et al. (2019b) placed Macrovalsaria in a new family Macrovalsariaceae based on morphology and phylogeny (D. Pem). Magnopulchromyces L.B. Conc. et al.Yuan et al. (2020) described the monotypic genus Magnopulchromyces to accommodate M. scorpiophorus in Lophiostomataceae. Magnopulchromyces resembles superfcially the monotypic genera Turturconchata and Venustisporium by the multicellular, lenticular, complex conidia, with holoblastic production and schizolytic secession (Castañeda-Ruiz & Iturriaga 1999, Chen et al. 1999) but differs by having a developed scorpioid growth of conidiophores and the complex conidia (M. Erdoğdu).Malvipezia Van Vooren Van Vooren (2020) introduced this genus with Peziza howsei as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Marantokordyana M. Piepenbr. et al.Based on the distinct host family and molecular sequence data of the ITS and LSU rDNA regions, Piepenbring et al. (2020) introduced this genus to accommodate two new species viz., M. boliviana and M. oberwinkleriana. Marantokordyana is similar to Kordyana spp. in its basidia in suprastomatal balls, basidia forming two basidiospores each, and basidiospores germinating after septation with hyphae forming elongate conidia. However, species of Kordyana mostly infect species of Commelinaceae while species of Marantokordyana infect species of Marantaceae (Piepenbring et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Marquandomyces Samson et al.The known distribution of this genus is Brazil, Netherlands, Russia, the UK and the USA. Marquandomyces has been isolated in mushrooms and soil. Molecular analyzes have been performed as well as macro and micro morphologies (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2020). Moreover, this was introduced after resolution of Metarrhizium s. lato based on a 5 DNA loci genealogy (F. Selcuk & M. Stadler).Mastigosporellaceae C.M. Tian et al. Jiang et al (2020a) introduced this family in Diaporthales which is typified by Mastigosporella. Currently, family comprises only one genus (F. Selcuk).Mediaverrunites Nandi & A. Sinha (fossil) (Current name: Potamomyces K. D. Hyde) Mediaverrunites was introduced for aseptate, oval to elliptical spores having equatorial region ornamented with verrucae that remain arranged either freely around the equator or merge to form a shallow, shadow-like rim or band. Nuñez Otaño et al. (2017) considered Mediaverrunites to be a later synonym of Potamomyces K.D. Hyde and transferred all species Mediaverrunites, viz., M. batii, M. elsikii, M. fournieri, M. invaginatus, M. magnus, M. mulleri and M. pontidiensis to Potamomyces K.D. Hyde (R.K. Saxena). Megacoelomyces Dianese et al. Megacoelomyces, an ascomycete asexual morph infecting Myrcia fenzliana, was introduced by Santos et al. (2021) to accommodate M. sanchezii based on multilocus phylogeny (three nuclear ribosomal DNA and two protein-coding genes) in addition to morphological and ecological data (M. Erdoğdu).Melanocamarosporioides D. Pem et al. Pem et al. (2019d) introduced Melanocamarosporioides with M. ugamica as the type species. Melanocamarosporioides is characterized by superficial to erumpent, uniloculate conidiomata, and globose ellipsoidal or ovoid, dark brown, multi-septate conidia. Melanocamarosporioides is closely related to Melanodiplodia and forms a lineage in Melanommataceae with strong statistical support (D. Pem).Meniscomyces Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai Li et al. (2020b) introduced this genus with M. layueensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Mesocorynespora Jian Ma et al. Mesocorynespora was introduced by Xu et al. (2020a) based on M. sinensis which was collected on decaying culms of bamboo in China. The fungus is distinguished by short, unbranched, clavate conidiophores with monotretic, conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, acrogenous, obclavate, euseptate conidia (Xu et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Microconidiobolus B. Huang & Y. Nie Nie et al. (2020) revised Conidiobolus and introduced Microconidiobolus which includes three species producing smaller primary conidia without microspores or capilliconidia compared to other Conidiobolus spp. (Nie et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Micromelanconis C.M. Tian & N. Jiang Jiang et al. (2021b) introduced this genus in Pseudomelanconidaceae. Micromelanconis resembles melanconis-like conidiomata, and pale brown conidia with conspicuous hyaline sheath. Micromelanconis produces two types of conidia from natural branches and manual media respectively, which differs from Neopseudomelanconis and Pseudomelanconis (M. Erdoğdu).Milesinaceae Aime & McTaggart Milesinaceae was established by Aime & McTaggart (2021) to accommodate the genera Milesia, Milesina, Naohidemyces and Uredinopsis in Pucciniales. Milesinaceae is similar to other Melampsorineae, differing in either production of colourless urediniospores in species that infect ferns, or in production of milesia-type aecia in species that infect Ericaceae (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Millesimomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. Crous et al. (2019d) established Millesimomyces to accommodate M. rhoicissi collected from leaves of Rhoicissus digitata. Millesimomyces resembles Discosia in morphology, having stromatic acervuli, and long, hyaline, subcylindrical or lageniform phialides that give rise to subcylindrical, pale brown, 3-septate conidia with eccentric apical and basal appendages (Liu et al. 2019). However, based on phylogenetic inference, the fungus clusters apart from species of Discosia (Crous et al. 2019d) (M. Erdoğdu).Mimicoscypha T. Kosonen et al. The name of the genus refers to its mimicking two other genera, Eupezizella and Resinoscypha. Although Mimicoscypha earns its name by sharing morphological features with both Eupezizella and Resinoscypha, it is clearly distinct from these genera based on the multi-gene analysis of Kosonen et al. (2021). Mimicoscypha is closely related to Olla and Hyalopeziza nectrioidea, but it is distinct in morphologically from these taxa (Kosonen et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Mirohelminthosporium K. Zhang et al. Mirohelminthosporium was introduced by Zhang et al. (2020a) as a new genus for Helminthosporium bigenum which characterized by polytretic and blastic conidial ontogeny on the apical conidiogenous cells (M. Erdoğdu).Montanitestudina Maharachch. et al.Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) introduced this genus within Testudinaceae to accommodate Montanitestudina hydei (M. Erdoğdu).Moringomyces Crous Based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and culture characteristics, Crous et al. (2020a) introduced Moringomyces as a monotypic genus in Saccotheciaceae. The genus is typified by M. phantasmae collected from the flower of Moringa ovalifolia in Namibia (Crous et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Muriphila Jurjevic et al. This new genus was introduced by Crous et al. (2020b) with M. oklahomaensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Muyocopromyces G. Worobiec The fossil-genus Muyocopromyces (typified by M. quilonensis), was introduced by Worobiec et al. (2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Myrmecopterula Leal-Dutra et al. The new genus Myrmecopterula was introduced by Leal-Dutra et al. (2020) to accommodate ant associated species previously classified in Pterula. Myrmecopterula differs from Pterula in the presence of the cottony subiculum. Currently, the genus includes three species viz., M. moniliformis (the type species), M. nudihortorum and M. velohortorum (Leal-Dutra et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Naevia Fr. Thiyagaraja et al. (2020) resurrected this genus of Arthoniaceae from the synonymy with Arthonia for a lineage of non-lichenized, saprotrophic arthonioid fungi using molecular analyses of a combined data set of nuLSU, mtSSU and rpb2 sequence data (D. Ertz & V. Thiyagaraja).Namibialina Spjut & Sérus. The new genus Namibialina was introduced by Spjut et al. (2020) with N. melanothrix as the type species and belongs in Ramalinaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Nannfeldtia Petr. Hongsanan et al. (2020) excluded this genus from Leptopeltidaceae and tentatively placed in Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene). Narcissea D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Narcissea was introduced by Wächter & Melzer (2020) to accommodate Coprinus cordisporus and C. patouillardii. The type species, N. patouillardii, was described based on the strongly flattened spores with a tri- to polygonal outline, and phylogenetic analyses (Wächter & Melzer 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Naviculispora Stchigel et al. Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced this genus with N. terrestris as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Naviculisporaceae Y. Marin & Stchigel Based on morphological and sequence data, Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced Naviculisporaceae (type genus: Naviculispora) based on phylogenetic analyses to accommodate taxa, which were formerly included in Lasiosphaeriaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Necromortierella Vandepol & Bonito The genus comprises a single species, previously known as Mortierella dichotoma. However, there may be additional species in this genus that were not yet been studied. Syntype (MBT#8056) was isolated from mouse dung in Germany. The species is known to be necrotrophic mycophile (Vandepol et al. 2020) (J. Pawłowska). Neoacladium P.N. Singh & S.K. Singh Hyde et al. (2019) established Neoacladium to accommodate N. indicum as the type species. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU sequence data indicated that Neoacladium is a distinct genus in Botryobasidiaceae, which forms a clade sister to Botryobasidium. Neocladium is close to Acladium, but differs from all other allied genera in having subhyaline to light olivaceous variously shaped conidia, viz., globose to sub-globose, clavate, obclavate, lenticular, ampulliform and pyriform, catenate conidia, dentate and phialidic conidiogenous cells and presence of abundant trident like pigmented chlamydospores (Hyde et al. 2019) (M. Erdoğdu).Neoacrodontiella Crous & M.J. Wingf. The monotypic genus Neoacrodontiella was introduced by Crous et al. (2019a) with N. eucalypti as the type species. Neoacrodontiella is somewhat reminiscent of Acrodontiella (Seifert et al. 2011), though distinct in that it forms sporodochia, and the conidiogenous loci are flattened and more prominent than in Acrodontiella, with conidia also having prominently truncate hila (Crous et al. 2019a) (M. Erdoğdu).Neoantennariella Abdollahz. & Crous This genus was introduced with N. phylicae as the type species (Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Neoantennariellaceae Abdollahz. & Crous Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) introduced Neoantennariellaceae and accommodated three genera (Fumiglobus, Neoantennariella and Neoasbolisia) (N. Wijayawardene). Neoasbolisia Abdollahz. & Crous Neoasbolisia was introduced by Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) with N. phylicae as the type species is (F. Selcuk).Neobuelliella Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde This new genus was introduced by Hongsanan et al. (2020) to accommodate Neobuelliella poetschii, which was known as Buelliella poetschii. Phylogenetically, Buelliella poetschii formed a distinct lineage within Asterinales, and did not cluster with B. minimula (the type species of Buelliella). Thus, B. poetschii was synonymized under Neobuelliella (Hongsanan et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Neobuelliellaceae Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde Neobuelliellaceae is similar to species of Buelliella which are placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis. Buelliella minimula (the type species) together with B. physciicola cluster within Stictographaceae (Asterinales) in the phylogenetic analyses of Dai et al. (2018) and Hongsanan et al. (2020). Two strains of Neobuelliella poetschii (≡ Buelliella poetschii) form a distinct clade separately from Stictographaceae, and are sister to Hemigraphaceae (Ertz et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2018, Hongsanan et al. 2020). Therefore, Hongsanan et al. (2020) introduced this new family to accommodate the type genus Neobuelliella Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde (M. Erdoğdu).Neocalonectria Crous Based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and culture characteristics, Crous et al. (2019a) introduced Neocalonectria as a monotypic genus in Nectriaceae. The genus is typified by N. tristaniopsidis collected from leaves of Tristaniopsis collina in Australia (Crous et al. 2019a) (M. Erdoğdu).Neoconidiobolus B. Huang & Y. Nie Nie et al. (2020) revised Conidiobolus Bref. and introduced Neoconidiobolus which has nine new combinations based on morphological and molecular data (Nie et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Neocryphonectria C.M. Tian et al. Neocryphonectria (in Foliocryphiaceae) was introduced by Jiang et al. (2020a) with N. carpini as the type species (F. Selcuk).Neocryptosphaerella S.K. Huang & K.D. Hyde Huang et al. (2021a) showed that Cryptosphaerella globosa is not congeneric with Cryptosphaerella sensu stricto, thus they introduced Neocryptosphaerella (N. Wijayawardene).Neodiluviicola W. Dong & H. Zhang Diluviicola capensis the type species of Diluviicola, is phylogenetically distant from D. aquatica. Therefore, D. aquatica was transferred to a new genus, Neodiluviicola based on morphology and phylogeny (Dong et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu & W. Dong). Neodothiora Crous et al. The new genus was introduced by Crous et al. (2020a) to accommodate Neodothiora populina, which was determined to be a new pathogen of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) growing in Alaska. Neodothiora resembles Dothiora, which has Dothichiza and hormonema-like morphs in culture (Crous & Groenewald 2016, 2017), but clusters apart from the type species, D. pyrenophora (Crous et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Neognomoniopsis Crous Crous et al. (2019a) introduced this new genus within the Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) to accommodate N. quercina collected from leaves of Quercus ilex in Italy (M. Erdoğdu).Neoheleiosa Mortimer  Mortimer et al. (2021) introduced Neoheleiosa for a species isolated from dead twigs of Pittosporum from China. Neoheleiosa lincangensis formed a sister clade to a saprotrophic genus Heleiosa in the multigene phylogenetic analysis (V. Thiyagaraja). Neohelicascus W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2020) established this genus in Morosphaeriaceae to accommodate seven species segregated from Helicascus and another species based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong).Neojahnula W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2020) established this genus to accommodate Neojahnula australiensis segregated from Jahnula based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong).Neokirramyces Crous Crous et al. (2019d) introduced this monotypic genus within Mycosphaerellaceae to accommodate Neokirramyces syzygii collected from a leaf of Syzygium sp. Neokirramyces resembles the Kirramyces asexual morph of Teratosphaeria (Teratosphaeriaceae) (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014, Andjic et al. 2019), but is phylogenetically related to Sonderhenia (Mycosphaerellaceae) (Videira et al. 2017, Crous et al. 2019d). Neokirramyces is distinct from Sonderhenia in that it has euseptate conidia that are kirramyces-like (Crous et al. 2019d) (M. Erdoğdu).Neolamproconium Crous & Akulov Crous et al. (2020c) have introduced this genus to accommodate N. silvestre isolated from Tilia sp. in Ukraine (F. Selcuk).Neolophiotrema G.C. Ren & K.D. Hyde The monotypic Neolophiotrema (typified by N. xiaokongense) was introduced by Ren et al. (2021) for a wood-inhabiting taxon classified in Dothideomycetes. The genus is characterized by coriaceous, immersed to semi-immersed ascomata, a hamathecium with cellular pseudoparaphyses and overlapping 1–2-seriate, hyaline ascospores. Phylogenetic analysis of combined SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1-α and rpb2 sequence data supports the placement of Neolophiotrema in Anteagloniaceae (Ren et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Neomicrosphaeropsis Thambug. et al.Thambugala et al. (2017) introduced Neomicrosphaeropsis with N. italica Thambug. et al. as type species. Neomicrosphaeropsis is characterized by hyaline to light brown, aseptate, obovoid to ellipsoidal conidia (Wanasinghe et al. 2018). Ten species of Neomicrosphaeropsis have molecular data. Pem et al. (2020) added N. juglandis to Neomicrosphaeropsis (D. Pem).Neoolivea Aime & McTaggart Aime & McTaggart (2021) introduced Neoolivea, to accommodate Olivea tectonae. Neoolivea is similar to Olivea and Tegillum but differs in having subglobose to ellipsoid, non-angular urediniospores with inconspicuous germ pores, and waxy telia (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Neopetractis Ertz Petractis luetkemuelleri and P. nodispora were accommodated in the new genus Neopetractis, differing from the generic type of Petractis, P. clausa in having a different phylogenetic position and a different photobiont. Neopetractis differs from Petractis in having a trentepohlioid photobiont and from Gyalecta s. lat. in having ascospores with a thick gelatinous sheath (Ertz et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Neophaeotheca Abdollahz. & Crous This genus was introduced by Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) with N. salicorniae as the type species (F. Selcuk).Neophaeothecaceae Abdollahz. & Crous Neophaeothecales and Neophaeothecaceae were introduced by Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) to accommodate Neophaeotheca which has a distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes (F. Selcuk).Neophaeothecales Abdollahz. & Crous See remarks under Neophaeothecaceae (F. Selcuk).Neoschizotheciaceae S.K. Huang & K.D. Hyde Huang et al. (2021b) introduced Neoschizothecium and showed that it has a distinct lineage in Sordariales. At the same time, seven other genera grouped in the same clade (viz., Apodus, Cercophora, Echria, Immersiella, Jugulospora, Rinaldiella and Zygopleurage (N. Wijayawardene). Neoscirrhia Crous & R.K. Schumach. Crous et al. (2021c) introduced Neoscirrhia within Didymellaceae to accommodate two new species based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. The genus is typified by N. osmundae collected from culms of Sasa veitchii (Crous et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Neoshiraia H.A. Ariyaw. Ariyawansa et al. (2020) introduced this novel genus to accommodate N. camelliae isolated from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (F. Selcuk).Neosonderhenia Crous Crous et al. (2019c) introduced Neosonderhenia to accommodate two new species based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. The genus is typified by N. eucalypti collected from Eucalyptus costata in Australia. Neosonderhenia has pycnidial conidiomata, distoseptate conidia with a central pore, brown, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, and a teratosphaeria-like sexual morph (Crous et al. 2019c) (M. Erdoğdu).Neosorocybe Crous & Akulov Crous et al. (2020c) have introduced this genus to accommodate N. pini isolated from Pinus sylvestris in Ukraine. Neosorocybe pini is phylogenetically allied to Sorocybe, but appears to represent a distinct genus, for which the name Neosorocybe was introduced. Neosorocybe has synnemata with chains of pigmented, cylindrical conidia, with typical culture characteristics of Chaetothyriales, with slimy, iron-grey colonies on MEA and PDA (F. Selcuk).Neospermospora Crous & U. Braun Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters, Crous et al. (2021a) introduced Neospermospora within the Ploettnerulaceae to accommodate N. avenae, which caused red leather leaf disease of oats, reducing grain yield and hay quality (M. Erdoğdu).Neostictis Ekanayaka & K.D. Hyde Phukhamsakda et al. (2020) introduced Neostictis to accommodate a single species Neostictis nigricans. The fungus was collected from a dead stem of Clematis vitalba from Italy (Phukhamsakda et al. 2020) (V. Thiyagaraja).Neothyriopsis Crous Crous et al. (2019c) introduced this monotypic genus to accommodate N. sphaerospora collected from a leaf of Eucalyptus sp. Neothyriopsis sphaerospora is distinct from Thyriopsis which occurs on needles of Pinus spp. (Crous et al. 2019c). Thyriopsis has thyrothecia that open by linear fissures, sometimes Y-shaped, asci are bitunicate, 8-spored, and contain ascospores that are ellipsoidal, 1-septate, with cells of roughly equal size, rounded at the ends, highly constricted at the septa, hyaline to yellowish brown (von Arx & Müller 1975), which clearly distinguish it from N. sphaerospora (M. Erdoğdu).Neothyrostroma Crous Crous et al. (2019d) introduced Neothyrostroma to accommodate N. encephalarti (the type species) collected from leaves of Encephalartos sp. Neothyrostroma is reminiscent of Thyrostroma. The two genera are distinct phylogenetically, and Neothyrostroma can be distinguished in having distoseptate conidia (Crous et al. 2019d) (M. Erdoğdu).Neotorrubiella Tasan. et al. Based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and ecology, Thanakitpipattana et al. (2020) introduced this novel genus (the species: N. chinghridicola) (F. Selcuk).Neotracylla Crous Crous et al. (2019d) established Neotracylla to accommodate N. pini collected from needles of Pinus tecunumanii in Malaysia (M. Erdoğdu).Neotrichosphaeria Crous & Carnegie Crous et al. (2019c) introduced this monotypic genus to accommodate N. eucalypticola collected from a leaf of Eucalyptus microcorys. Neotrichosphaeria is distinguished from Trichosphaeria in that it lacks a periphysate ostiole, and has numerous, very long and flexuous setae, paraphyses that dissolve during maturation, asci with a visible discharge mechanism, and ascospores that are hyaline and aseptate (Crous et al. 2019c) (M. Erdoğdu).Neotrotteria Sacc. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus in Nitschkiaceae but Huang et al. (2021a) transferred it to Ceratostomataceae (N. Wijayawardene). Neoxylaria Konta & K.D. Hyde Konta et al. (2020b) introduced Neoxylaria to accommodate a new species and two new combinations based on the morpho-molecular differences. Neoxylaria is characterized by relatively small stromata with conspicuously exposed perithecial contours under a narrowly striped outer layer (Konta et al. 2020b) (M. Erdoğdu).Neoxylomyces M.S. Calabon et al. Based on morphology and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses, Neoxylomyces was introduced by Calabon et al. (2021b) to accommodate N. multiseptatus collected from decaying wood submerged in freshwater habitats. It is similar to Xylomyces giganteus, but differs in the number of septa, chlamydospore measurements, and absence of a mucilaginous coating around the chlamydospores (Calabon et al. 2021b) (M. Erdoğdu).Niesslia Auersw. Gams et al. (2019) and Huang et al. (2021a) synonymized Hyaloseta under Niesslia (N. Wijayawardene).Nimbosphaera C.J. Harper & M. Krings (fossil)This monotypic genus (Type: N. rothwellii) of phylum Chytridiomycota was found enveloped in a prominent sheath from the Early Devonian Windyfield Chert, Scotland (R.K. Saxena).Nitschkiopsis Nannf. & R. Sant. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Sordariales genera incertae sedis. However, Huang et al. (2021a) regarded Nitschkiopsis as Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).  Nothoanungitopsis Crous Crous et al. (2021c) described the monotypic genus Nothoanungitopsis to accommodate N. urophyllae based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. Although Nothoanungitopsis has unthickened conidiophore scars and conidial hila as in Anungitopsis, it is distinguished by lacking globose, brown swellings in its conidiophores, and having conidia that are unevenly pigmented, with two brown central cells (Crous et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Nothomicrosphaeropsis Crous Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters, Crous et al. (2021c) introduced the monotypic genus Nothomicrosphaeropsis to accommodate N. welwitschiae which was isolated from dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Crous et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Nothoramichloridium Crous Crous et al. (2019d) introduced Nothoramichloridium within the Anungitiomycetaceae to accommodate N. perseae (the type species) collected from leaves of Persea americana (M. Erdoğdu).Nothoseiridium Crous This genus has been introduced by Crous et al. (2020b) from South Africa, on leaf spots of Podocarpus latifolius. Currently, the genus is monotypic (F. Selcuk).Nothoseptoria Crous & Bulgakov Crous et al. (2020c) introduced this genus to accommodate Nothoseptoria caraganae isolated on leaves of Caragana arborescens from Russia (F. Selcuk).Nothotrimmatostroma Crous Based on phylogenetic analysis, Crous et al. (2019c) introduced Nothotrimmatostroma with two new combinations in Mycosphaerellaceae. Currently, the genus comprises two species viz., N. bifarium (the type species) and N. eucalyptorum (Crous et al. 2019c) (M. Erdoğdu).Novakomycetes Dlauchy et al.The class was proposed for the order Novakomycetales in the subphylum Taphrinomycotina, Ascomycota (Čadež et al. 2021). Phylogenomic analysis performed by Čadež et al. (2021) placed the novel class next to Schizosaccharomycetes (A. Yurkov). Novakomycetales Dlauchy et al.The order was proposed for the family Novakomycetaceae (Čadež et al. 2021) (A. Yurkov).Novakomycetaceae Dlauchy et al.The family was introduced to accommodate the monotypic genus Novakomyces (Čadež et al. 2021) (A. Yurkov).Novakomyces Dlauchy et al.The genus was described to place a novel yeast species isolated from olive oil (Čadež et al. 2021). Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses showed that the novel yeast is distantly related to any hitherto recognized lineage in Taphrinomycotina, Ascomycota, and next to the class Schizosaccharomycetes. To accommodate the novel species, Novakomyces olei, a novel genus Novakomyces, a novel family Novakomycetaceae, a novel order Novakomycetales, and a novel class Novakomycetes were proposed (A. Yurkov).Novomicrothelia Aptroot et al. Hongsanan et al. (2020) synonymized species of this genus with Bogoriella and confirmed its placement in Trypetheliaceae (A. Aptroot).Obliquiminima W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2021a) introduced Obliquiminima in Cancellidiaceae, which is the first sexual morph linked by molecular data and morphologically similar to Annulatascaceae species. Obliquiminima is morphologically similar to Ayria. However, it differs in having superficial ascomata, with a lateral neck that oblique to the host substrate, narrowly obclavate asci with a refractive apical ring (Dong et al. 2021a) (M. Erdoğdu & W. Dong). Oceanoplaca Arup et al. Bungartz et al. (2020) introduced Oceanoplaca to accommodate two new species and four new combinations based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data. Currently, the genus comprises six species (Bungartz et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Ochraceocephala Voglmayr & Aiello Phylogenetic analyses based on a matrix of the ITS, LSU and SSU regions revealed that the isolates represent a new genus within the Leptosphaeriaceae, which is described as Ochraceocephala (type species: O. foeniculi) (Aiello et al. 2020). It is pathogenic in the crown, roots and stems of living Foeniculum vulgare (F. Selcuk).Ochropsoraceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart Based on phylogenetic analysis, morphology, host range and life cycle, Aime & McTaggart (2021) introduced this new family to accommodate the type genus Ochropsora in Pucciniales (M. Erdoğdu).Odontotrematales Lücking Odontotrematales was introduced to accommodate Odontotremataceae (Lücking 2019). The order comprised non-lichenized taxa which showed a close phylogenetic relationship to Graphidales and Gyalectales and clustered outside of Ostropales sensu stricto (Kraichak et al. 2018, Lücking 2019) (V. Thiyagaraja). Olotia D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Olotia was introduced by Wächter & Melzer (2020) to accommodate Psathyrella codinae. The type species of Olotia, O. codinae was described based on the pleurocystidia predominantly spatula-shaped and strongly pediculate, often slightly thick-walled, and phylogenetic analyses (Wächter & Melzer 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Omania Maharachch. et al.Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021b) introduced this genus within Halojulellaceae to accommodate Omania hydei which was isolated from dead roots of Avicennia marina (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2021b) (M. Erdoğdu).Opeltiella S.Y. Kondr. Kondratyuk et al. (2020b) introduced Opeltiella within Cancellidiaceae to accommodate O. fruticans. Opeltiella is similar to Candelaria, but differs in having 8-spored asci as well as in the lack of lower cortical layer and true rhizines (Kondratyuk et al. 2020b) (M. Erdoğdu).Ostropomyces Thiyagaraja et al.Thiyagaraja et al. (2021b) introduced Ostropomyces for two new saprotrophic species. These species were recorded in their sexual and asexual morphs and formed a close clade to Ostropa in the phylogenetic analysis (V. Thiyagaraja). Otospora Oehl et al. The new monospecific genus was introduced by Palenzuela et al (2008) based on morphological evidence of acaulosporoid/otosporoid spore development of spore wall in Diversisporaceae clade. The sister species of Otospora bareae is Diversispora varaderana with short molecular divergence. At this time there is no phylogenetic support to validate Otospora as a genus ranking taxa. Additional analysis with new genes as such RPB1 could be useful to check the closest relative using a more powerful tools to clarify the ranking status of the genus in Diversisporales (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno, J. Błaszkowski, F. Oehl, G.A. da Silva & F.A. de Souza).Palaeocurvularia Dörfelt & A.R. Schmidt In the idea of Schmidt, Dörfelt, Struwe & Perrichot (fossil), this monotypic genus of conidiogenous fungus (Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales) was recorded from the faecal pellets of insect embedded in amber, collected from the Cretaceous sediments of Ethiopia. It resembles spores of extant genera Helminthosporium Link, Drechslera S. Ito, Curvularia Boedijn, Bipolaris Shoemaker and Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs (R.K. Saxena).Palaeogigaspora R. Kar et al. (fossil) Palaeogigaspora is a monotypic genus of glomeromycetus fungi. Its spores resemble those of extant genus Gigaspora (Gigasporaceae, Diversisporales) (R.K. Saxena).Palaeospora Oehl et al.Schuessler & Walker (2019) introduced a new species Archaespora ecuadoriana as a basal species in Archaesporaceae but significant molecular divergence support Palaeospora and Intraspora as genus ranking. Additional analysis of Archaeospora ecuadoriana and A. trappei from the type location is necessary to better understand the Archaeospora clade and clarify the topology (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno, J. Błaszkowski & F. Oehl).Paleopyrenomycites T.N. Taylor et al.This monotypic genus, belonging to pyrenomycetous taxa, was recorded from the cortex of aerial stems and rhizomes of Asteroxylon mackiei found in Early Devonian sediments of Great Britain (R.K. Saxena).Palmeiromyces D.R.S. Pereira & A.J.L. Phillips Palmeiromyces was introduced by Pereira & Phillips (2020) based on P. chamaeropicola. Phylogenetically, P. chamaeropicola is closely related to genera in Teratosphaeriaceae. The ascospores have a peculiar mode of germination, lack of an asexual morph and have very slow growth in culture which corresponds to genera in Teratosphaeriaceae (Crous et al. 2007). However, ascospores of P. chamaeropicola lack mucous sheaths, which is a characteristic of Teratosphaeriaceae (Crous et al. 2007, Quaedvlieg et al. 2014) (M. Erdoğdu).Papiliomyces Luangsa-ard et al. This genus was introduced with P. liangshanensis as the type species (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Parachaetomium Mehrabi et al.Based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogeny, Mehrabi et al. (2020) introduced this genus to accommodate Chaetomium carinthiacum, C. iranianum, and C. truncatulum. Parachaetomium is characterized by distinctly ostiolate ascomata and equi- or inequilaterally fusiform, typically less than 13-μm-long ascospores with an oblique or subapical germ pore (Mehrabi et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Paraeutypella L.S. Dissan. et al.Dissanayake et al. (2021) introduced Paraeutypella to accommodate P. guizhouensis (the type species), P. citricola and P. vitis. Paraeutypella is characterized by having 4-25 perithecia in a stroma each with 3-6 sulcate, long ostiolar necks (Dissanayake et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Parafusicladium Crous et al. Shen et al. (2020) introduced this genus, typified by P. amoenum (F. Selcuk).Paragalactinia Van Vooren Based on both molecular data and from new studies of type collections of species of Peziza, Van Vooren (2020) introduced Paragalactinia Van Vooren, with Peziza succosa Berk as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Parahelicomyces Goh Pseudohelicomyces talbotii was renamed by Hsieh et al. (2021) as Parahelicomyces talbotii as the former genus was a homonym thus illegitimate. The other six illegitimate Pseudohelicomyces species were transferred to Parahelicomyces as new combinations (Hsieh et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Paralulworthia A. Poli et al. Poli et al. (2020a) introduced Paralulworthia represented by two new species P. gigaspora and P. posidoniae. Paralulworthia gigaspora and P. posidoniae were isolated from rhizomes that are characterized by a high content of lignin (Kaal et al. 2016, Poli et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Paramicrosphaeropsis L.W. Hou et al. Hou et al. (2020) introduced Paramicrosphaeropsisis (in Didymellaceae) based on the multi-locus phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters. This genus is phylogenetically close to Neomicrosphaeropsis and Microsphaeropsis and distinct from all other known genera in Didymellaceae. Paramicrosphaeropsis could be distinguished from other genera in this family by producing pycnidia with an extremely thin and hyaline pycnidial wall (Hou et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Paramycetinis R.H. Petersen The genus comprises two antipodal taxa related to Mycetinis. Both Paramycetinis species are characterized by luxuriant rhizomorphs, with basidiomata arising occasionally as side branches but also separately from rhizomorphs (Petersen & Hughes 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Parapotamomyces O’Keefe (fossil) The monotypic genus Parapotamomyces resembles Potamomyces but has many more verrucae than any recorded species of Potamomyces (R.K. Saxena).Parathyridariella Prigione et al. Poli et al. (2020b) introduced this genus, typified by P. dematiacea Prigione et al. Hyphae 2.8–4.8 µm wide, septate, hyaline to lightly pigmented (F. Selcuk).Parawilcoxina Van Vooren Three new genera were introduced by Van Vooren et al (2020) to accommodate several species previously assigned to Trichophaea or morphologically close genera viz., Perilachnea (with Lachnea hemisphaerioides as the type species), Aurantiolachnea (with Lachnea solsequia as type species) and Parawilcoxina (with P. inexpectata as type species) (M. Erdoğdu).Parvabulbium K.S. Landry & A.N. Mill. Miller (2021) introduced Parvabulbium in Chaetomiaceae to accommodate P. thermostercus (type species) which grew on the dung of Equus caballus (Miller 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Parvomorbus Wen Wang & S.F. Chen Wang et al. (2020b) introduced this genus in Cryphonectriaceae from China. The genus is typified by P. eucalypti (F. Selcuk).Patellariopsidaceae Karun. et al.Karunarathna et al. (2020) introduced this new family based on morphology and phylogeny. The type genus is Patellariopsis and it was saprobic on dead branches of Corylus avellana (F. Selcuk).Pedrocrousiella Rajeshkumar et al.Rajeshkumar et al. (2021) introduced Pedrocrousiella, P. pongamiae for Asperisporium pongamiae under Mycosphaerellaceae, Mycosphaerellales based epitypification and ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequence data and phylogeny (K.C. Rajeshkumar).Penicillaginaceae Houbraken et al. This family is phylogenetically distinct from other families of Eurotiales. Conidiophores are penicillium-like and the phialides have a long, narrow neck (Houbraken et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Perexiflasca M. Krings et al. (fossil)Perexiflasca is represented by two species, viz., P. tayloriana and P. ventricosa. It belongs to the phylum Chytridiomycota (R.K. Saxena).Periamphispora J.C. Krug Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Lasiosphaeriaceae. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae and accommodated it in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Perilachnea Van Vooren Van Vooren et al (2020) introduced this genus with Perilachnea hemisphaerioides as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Periplasma W.W. Martin & A. Warren Martin & Warren (2020) introduced Periplasma to accommodate P. isogametum (the type species) isolated in pure culture from a moribund simuliid adult (M. Erdoğdu).Petchia Thanakitp. et al.Based on the phylogenetic analyses, combined with morphology and ecology, Thanakitpipattana etal. (2020) introduced this novel genus to accommodate the species P. siamensis (F. Selcuk).Pewenomyces F. Balocchi et al.Balocchi et al. (2021) introduced this new genus to accommodate Pewenomyces kutranfy isolated from lesion margins of cankers on branches of Araucaria araucana in Chile. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, nucSSU, and nucLSU gene regions showed that the fungus resides in Coryneliaceae but is distinct from other genera in that family (Balocchi et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Phaeoplaca Søchting et al. Bungartz et al. (2020) introduced the genus Phaeoplaca to accommodate a new species and two new combinations based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data. Currently, the genus comprises three species viz., P. tortuca, P. camptidia (the type species) and P. ochrolechioides (Bungartz et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Phaeoxyphiella Bat. & Cif. Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) introduced Phaeoxyphiella australiana and confirmed its placement in Readerielliopsidaceae. However, the type species lacks DNA sequence data (N. Wijayawardene).Phaneromycetaceae Gamundí & Spinedi Phaneromycetaceae comprised Phaneromyces and the phylogenetic placement of this family remains uncertain due to the lack of molecular data (Gamundí & Spinedi 1985, Baloch et al. 2010) (V. Thiyagaraja).Phialolunulospora Z.F. Yu & R.F. Castañeda The monotypic genus Phialolunulospora (in Chaetosphaeriaceae) was introduced by Zheng et al. (2020) to accommodate P. vermispora collected from submerged dicotyledonous leaves in China. Phialolunulospora is characterized by macronematous, semimacronematous, septate and pigmented conidiophores and acrogenous, long lunate, vermiform to sigmoid, hyaline conidia with an eccentric basal appendage (Zheng et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Phialoseptomonium Crous & Carnegie Crous et al. (2019a) introduced the monotypic genus Phialoseptomonium within Nectriaceae to accommodate P. eucalypti collected from leaves of Eucalyptus grandis and E. camaldulensis (M. Erdoğdu).Phoebus R.C. Harris & Ladd The monotypic genus Phoebus was considered as an Arthoniales of uncertain family affiliation. Ertz et al. (2021) placed the genus in Lecanographaceae using molecular analyses of a combined data set of nuLSU, mtSSU and rpb2 sequences (D. Ertz).Phormopsora Elvebakk et al. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, nuclear large subunit rRNA, mitochondrial small subunit rRNA, and MCM7 genes, species previously treated as Pannaria hispidula and P. isabellina were shown to represent two new Pannariaceae genera, Hispidopannaria and Phormospsora. Phormopsora is monospecific and is the only member of Pannariaceae which contains norstictic and connorstictic acids. Its thallus of large, branched squamules with large, foliose cephalodia and its bullate perispores with long-apiculate apical extensions also separate it from Pannaria Delise ex Bory (Elvebakk et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Phycophthorum Hassett Hassett (2020) introduced this genus to accommodate P. isakeiti (the type species) isolated from the Arctic (M. Erdoğdu).Phyllocraterina Sérus. & Aptroot Phyllocraterina was introduced as a replacement synonym of Phyllocratera in Hongsanan et al. (2020). This genus comprised two species namely Phyllocraterina nuda and P. papuana and was identified by unbranched paraphyses, Phycopeltis photobiont and the substrate (Hongsanan et al. 2020) (V. Thiyagaraja). Phylloscypha Van Vooren Van Vooren (2020) introduced this genus with P. phyllogena as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Phyllotopsidaceae Locquin ex Olariaga et al. The family comprises of Macrotyphula, Phyllotopsis (type genus) and Pleurocybella. Olariaga et al. (2020) described the family as such: “Basidiomata pleurotoid or clavarioid and sometimes arising from a sclerotium. Spore deposit white to salmon pink. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores hyaline, cylindrical, allantoid or subglobose, smooth, without iodine reactions. Cheilocystidia sometimes present in pleurotoid genera. Clamp connections present, rarely absent. Saprotrophic.” (M. Erdoğdu).Pinaceicola Crous et al. Shen et al. (2020) introduced this genus which is typified by P. pini (F. Selcuk).Piricauda Bubák Hongsanan et al. (2020) listed this genus in Mycosphaerellaceae (N. Wijayawardene). Pisutiella S.Y. Kondr. et al. This genus was introduced by Kondratyuk et al. (2020a) with P. conversa as type species (F. Selcuk).Pleurocordyceps Y.J. Yao et al. Wang et al. (2021) introduced Pleurocordyceps to accommodate ten new combinations based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. Species in this new genus differ from Perennicordyceps and Polycephalomyces formosus-like fungi (Polycephalomyces sensu stricto) in producing lateral fertile pulvinate stromata close to the tip in the sexual morph and two types of conidia in petri dish culture in the asexual morph (Wang et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Podila Stajich et al. This genus comprises seven species previously classified within Mortierella clade 2 (Wagner et al. 2013), including among others P. verticillata and P. humilis. Based on previous phylogenetic studies (Wagner et al. 2013) probably more species can be transferred to this genus. The type species is Podila minutissima, but the type specimen is not known. The representatives of this genus are often isolated from forest and agricultural soil, compost, dung, and municipal waste (Vandepol et al. 2020) (J. Pawłowska). Podospora Ces. Huang et al. (2021b) synonymized Apiosordaria under this genus (N. Wijayawardene).Polonospora Błaszk. et al.Błaszkowski et al. (2021b) introduced the monospecific genus Polonospora based on a large phylogenetic divergence of A. polonica from Archaeospora ecuadoriana clade. Additional analysis of environmental sequences suggests that the new genus presents other species to be described and worldwide distribution (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno & J. Błaszkowski). Polonosporaceae Błaszk. et al.Polonosporaceae was introduced by Błaszkowski et al. (2021b) based on new phylogenetic data set of 18S-ITS-28S + RPB1 sequences of a fungus described originally as Acaulospora polonica in Poland. Such analysis put A. polonica as a sister (divergent) clade of Archaeosporaceae and Ambisporaceae in Archaeosporales. Environmental sequences suggest that the new family includes other genera yet to be described and a worldwide distribution (Kolarikova et al. 2021) (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno & J. Błaszkowski).Populomyces Hern.-Restr. Crous et al. (2021c) introduced this new genus to accommodate Populomyces zwinianus isolated from soil in the Netherlands. Populomyces is phylogenetically close to Calloria and Tricellula. The cylindrical, aseptate conidia of Populomyces are easily distinguished from the stauroconidia of Tricellula (Seifert et al. 2011, Crous et al. 2021c). Furthermore, Calloria is a polyphyletic genus with apothecial ascomata including species that are related to Cylindrocolla. Asexual morphs are characterized by polyblastic conidiogenous cells producing conidia in chains, thus distinct from the solitary conidia of Populomyces (Muntañola-Cvetkovic et al. 1997, Seifert et al. 2011, Crous et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).PoroisariopsisM. Morelet Morelet (1971) introduced this genus within the Pezizomycotina incertae sedis to accommodate Phaeoisariopsis armillata (M. Erdoğdu).Praeclarispora Doilom et al. Doilom et al. (2021) established this genus in Leptosphaeriaceae to accommodate a single species P. artemisiae based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong).Protocandelariella Poelt et al. Kondratyuk et al. (2020b) introduced Protocandelariella within Cancellidiaceae to accommodate P. subdeflexa. Protocandelariella is similar to Candelariella, but differs in having squamulose thallus and in having conidia from conidiogenous cells on the lower surface (Kondratyuk et al. 2020b) (M. Erdoğdu).Protographum Le Renard et al.This new genus, which reproduce via thyriothecia that consist of sporogenous tissue appressed to cuticle surfaces of plant leaves and covered by a shield-like scutellum, was introduced by Le Renard et al. (2020) (F. Selcuk).Pruniphilomyces Crous & Bulgakov Crous et al. (2020c) introduced this genus to accommodate Pruniphilomyces circumscissus isolated on living leaves of Prunus cerasus from Russia (F. Selcuk).Pseudoacrospermum Crous Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters, Crous et al. (2021c) introduced the monotypic genus Pseudoacrospermum to accommodate P. goniomae Crous collected from leaves of Gonioma kamassi (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudobactrodesmium H. Zhang et al. Dong et al. (2020) introduced this genus with P. aquaticum as the type species (F. Selcuk).Pseudobogoriella Lücking et al. Hongsanan et al. (2020) introduced this genus and confirmed its placement in Trypetheliaceae. Its acceptance makes the number of accepted species in Bogoriella Zahlbr. considerably smaller (A. Aptroot).Pseudocryptosphaerella S.K. Huang & K.D. Hyde Huang et al. (2021a) regarded that Cryptosphaerella elliptica is not congeneric with Cryptosphaerella sensu stricto. Hence, Huang et al. (2021) introduced Pseudocryptosphaerella (N. Wijayawardene).Pseudocyclothyriella Phukhams. & Phookamsak Based on morphological distinctiveness and multigene phylogenetic analyses, Pseudocyclothyriella was introduced by Jiang et al. (2021c) to accommodate a single coelomycetous species, P. clematidis which was previously described as Pseudocoleophoma clematidis by Phukhamsakda et al. (2020). Pseudocyclothyriella is characterized by solitary to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, black, shiny, subglobose to subconical conidiomata, with oval, papilla, an ostiolar canal and pycnidial wall composed of thick-walled, scleroplectenchymatous cells (Jiang et al. 2021c) (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudoechria Y. Marín & Stchigel Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced this genus with P. curvicolla as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudohamigera Houbraken et al. The mesophilic genus Pseudohamigera was introduced by Houbraken et al. (2020) to accommodate P. striata (F. Selcuk).Pseudojahnula W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2020) established this genus to accommodate Pseudojahnula potamophila segregated from Jahnula based on multi-locus phylogeny and its distinct morphology (W. Dong).Pseudomarasmius R.H. Petersen & K.W. Hughes Petersen & Hughes (2020) introduced Pseudomarasmius to accommodate four species and four others previously placed in Marasmius. The genus differs from Marasmius by the presence of diverticulate hyphae in the pileipellis and the absence of clamp connections (Petersen & Hughes 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudopeyronellaea L.W. Hou et al. Hou et al. (2020) introduced Pseudopeyronellaea as a new genus belonging to Didymellaceae based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. Pseudopeyronellaea differs from Didymella in producing bi- to triseriate, ovate to fusoid and prominently guttulate ascospores with mucoid sheaths, while ascospores of Didymella species are biseriate, ellipsoidal to cymbiform (Chen et al. 2015) (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudorhypophila Y. Marín & Stchigel Based on the combined dataset sequences of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 loci, Pseudorhypophila was introduced by Harms et al. (2021) to accommodate Triangularia mangenotii, which was located far from the monophyletic clade Triangularia, together with other three species of Zopfiella clustering in the same well-supported clade in Naviculisporaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudoschizothecium Y. Marín et al. Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced this genus with P. atropurpureum as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Pseudosterigmatospora Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai This genus was introduced by Li et al. (2020b) to accommodate P. motuoensis (F. Selcuk).Pseudozeugandromyces De Kesel & Haelew. Pseudozeugandromyces was introduced as a new genus of Laboulbeniales by Haelewaters et al. (2020) with P. tachypori as the type species. The new genus is morphologically supported; no sequences could be generated due to the age of the material. Even though P. tachypori is morphologically very similar to Zeugandromyces, it is different in the following characteristics: cell II is higher than broad, the appendage is composed of two antheridial branches, and antheridia are not borne in pairs as is typical for Zeugandromyces (Haelewaters et al. 2020). Pseudozeugandromyces tachypori has thus far only been found in Belgium in association with Tachyporus pusillus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) (D. Haelewaters).Psychromyces L. Perini & Zalar Psychromyces was introduced for the dimorphic/filamentous isolates found in Svalbard and Greenland glacial environments. Based on ribosomal genes, Psychromyces glacialis is related to Glaciozyma and Cryolevonia. Seven gene phylogeny restricted to taxa with available sequences, supported the placement of Psychromyces in Camptobasidiaceae (Perini et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Pucciniasporonites Ramanujam & Ramachar (fossil) This monotypic genus was recorded from the Neyveli lignite (Miocene), Tamil Nadu, India. The fossil spores are quite similar to spores of modern Puccinia Pers. (Pucciniaceae, Pucciniales) which parasitize members of Poaceae (R.K. Saxena). Pulverulina Matheny & K.W. Hughes Matheny et al. (2020) introduced Pulverulina to accommodate the monotypic lineage Clitocybe ulmicola in Porotheleaceae. Type species P. ulmicola is characterized by small, clitocyboid, pileate-stipitate basidiomata with a tough, pruinose stipe; distant decurrent lamellae; smooth inamyloid basidiospores; long, abundant caulocystidia; interwoven lamellar trama, and lignicolous habit on the bark of living trees (Matheny et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Punjabia D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Punjabia was erected by Wächter & Melzer (2020) to accommodate Coprinellus pakistanicus. The type species P. pakistanica was described based on the pileus with greenish tones and phylogenetic analyses (Wächter & Melzer 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Purpureofaciens W. Dong et al. This genus was established in Anteagloniaceae to accommodate a freshwater species P. aquatica collected from Thailand (Dong et al. 2020) (W. Dong).Purpureomyces Luangsa-ard et al. This genus was introduced by Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) with P. khaoyaiensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Pygmaeomyces E. Walsh & N. Zhang Walsh et al. (2021) introduced Pygmaeomyces thomasii (holotype RUTPP-PP16K26, ex-type culture CBS146528) as the type species. The genus refers to the former Clade GS23, as it was identified based on a sequence-only soil fungal survey. Both species of Pygmaeomyces were isolated from plants’ roots from acidic and oligotrophic soils in the USA. At the same time, Walsh et al. (2021) introduced the new family Pygmaeomycetaceae in Mucoromycotina (J. Pawłowska & N. Wijayawardene). Pygmaeomycetaceae E. Walsh & N. Zhang Based on the phylogeny and phenotypic characters, Pygmaeomycetaceae was introduced by Walsh et al. (2021) to accommodate Pygmaeomyces in Umbelopsidales. Pygmaeomycetaceae is distinguished from other families in the Mucoromycotina by producing hyaline microchlamydospores (Walsh et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Pyrispora C.M. Tian & N. Jiang Based on morphological and molecular approaches, the monotypic genus Pyrispora was introduced by Jiang et al. (2021d) to accommodate P. castaneae, which was reported as a pathogenic or saprobic on Castanea mollissima (M. Erdoğdu).Pyrisporaceae C.M. Tian & N. Jiang Pyrisporaceae was introduced by Jiang et al. (2021d) to accommodate Pyrispora, which was reported as a pathogenic or saprobic on Castanea mollissima. The sexual morph shows typical characters of Diaporthales, as asci have a distinct apical ring. The asexual morph is distinctive based on the conidiogenous cells with pyriform base and a long neck (Jiang et al. 2021d) (M. Erdoğdu).Pyrrhulomyces E.J. Tian & Matheny The new genus Pyrrhulomyces was introduced by Tian & Matheny (2021) to accommodate P. astragalina and P. amariceps. Pyrrhulomyces is distinguished from other genera of Strophariaceae by the blackening basidiomata with a bitter taste, smooth basidiospores without a germ pore under light microscopy, presence of pleurochrysocystidia, an ixocutis, rugulose spore ornamentation under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and association with late stages of conifer wood decay (Tian & Matheny 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Quaeritorhiza Longcore et al. Quaeritorhiza, parasitic on Haematococcus pluvialis, was introduced by Longcore et al. (2020) to accommodate Q. haematococci based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters (M. Erdoğdu).Quaeritorhizaceae Longcore et al. Longcore et al. (2020) introduced this new family to accommodate the type genus Quaeritorhiza based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters (M. Erdoğdu).Quatunica F.A. Souza et al.See Gigasporales in the discussion (F.A. de Souza & B.T. Goto). Racodiales Abdollahz. & Crous Racodiales, which accommodates Racodiaceae, was introduced by Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) as a result of studies about an attempt to explain the high levels of diversity in the Capnodiales, the resulting phylogenetic tree (LSU, tef1-α and rpb2) revealed Racodiales as polyphyletic (F. Selcuk).Radulomycetaceae Leal-Dutra et al. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters, Leal-Dutra et al. (2020) introduced Radulomycetaceae to accommodate Aphanobasidium, Radulotubus and Radulomyces within Agaricales. Radulomycetaceae is morphologically characterized by a combination of resupinate basidiomes, monomitic hyphal system and lack of cystidia (Leal-Dutra et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Rajchenbergia Salvador-Montoya et al. Based on morphology, phylogenetic relationships and host distribution, Salvador-Montoya et al. (2020) segregated this new genus from Fomitiporella sensu lato. Rajchenbergia is characterized by effuse basidiomata with homogenous to duplex context, a predominately monomitic hyphal system, the absence of setae, and ellipsoid to ovoid, coloured, thick-walled basidiospores, with distribution mainly in the tropical climatic zones (Salvador-Montoya et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Ramiphialis F.R. Barbosa et al. Ramiphialis was introduced by Barbosa et al. (2020) to accommodate R. ronuroensis collected on decaying leaves from the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. The taxon is distinguished by macronematous, monophialidic and multibranched, discrete, and terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cells that produce filiform to falcate, unicellular, hyaline conidia (Barbosa et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Readerielliopsidaceae Abdollahz. & Crous Abdollahzadeh et al. (2020) introduced this family (type genus: Readerielliopsis) in Capnodiales based on multi gene phylogenetic analyses (LSU, ITS, tef1-α and rpb2) (F. Selcuk).Resinoscypha T. Kosonen et al. Kosonen et al. (2021) found that Arachnopeziza variepilos is molecularly distant from other species of the Arachnopeziza, and erected Resinoscypha for A. variepilos. Resinoscypha includes two species: R. monoseptata and R. variepilosa (Kosonen et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Rhagadodidymellopsis Fdez.-Brime et al. Rhagadodidymellopsis was introduced as a new genus in Xanthopyreniaceae (Fernández-Brime et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Rhexodenticula W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones This genus was referred to Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (Dong et al. 2021b) (W. Dong). Rhizodiscinaceae Crous et al.  This family was introduced by Haridas et al. (2020) to accommodate Rhizodiscina which has characteristic apothecial ascomata (F. Selcuk).Rhizophydites M. Krings et al. (fossil)This monotypic genus (Type: R. matryoshkae) of the phylum Chytridiomycota was found on spores of the early land plant Horneophyton lignieri from the Early Devonian Rhynie Chert (R.K. Saxena).Rhomboidia C.L. Zhao Rhomboidia, typified by R. wuliangshanensis, was introduced by Xu et al. (2020c) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Rhomboidia is characterized by annual, stipitate basidiomes with rhomboid pileus, a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with thin, hyaline, smooth walls (Xu et al. 2020c) (M. Erdoğdu).Rhynchobrunnera B.A. McDonald et al. Rhynchobrunnera was introduced by Crous et al. (2021a) to accommodate species that have 1–3-septate, straight conidia lacking apical beaks. It is similar to members of Rhynchosporium, but with different conidial morphology. Conidia solitary, subcylindrical, straight, (0-)1-3-septate, hyaline, hilum neither thickened nor darkened; conidial secession schizolytic (Crous et al. 2021a) (M. Erdoğdu).Rhypophila Y. Marín et al. Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced this genus with R. myriospora as the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Robertozyma Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai This genus was introduced with R. ningxiaensis as the type species (Li et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Rogerpetersonia Aime & McTaggart Aime & McTaggart (2021) introduced the monotypic genus Rogerpetersonia to accommodate Caeoma torreyae. Rogerpetersonia differs from all other rust fungi in forming gametothalli on Taxaceae (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Rogerpetersoniaceae Aime & McTaggart Rogerpetersoniaceae was established by Aime & McTaggart (2021) to accommodate Rogerpetersonia Aime & McTaggart in Pucciniales. Rogerpetersoniaceae differs from all other Pucciniales in that gametothalli are formed on Taxaceae (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Rosettozyma Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai Li et al. (2020b) introduced this genus with R. petaloides as the type species. At the same time, new family and order (i.e. Rosettozymaceae and Rosettozymales respectively) were also introduced (F. Selcuk).Rosettozymaceae Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai See remarks under Rosettozyma (F. Selcuk).Rosettozymales Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai  See remarks under Rosettozyma (F. Selcuk).Rossmanomyces Aime & McTaggart Rossmanomyces was introduced by Aime & McTaggart (2021) to accommodate Chrysomyxa monesis, C. pyrolae, and C. ramischiae. Rossmanomyces is similar to Chrysomyxa but differs in forming a systemic sporothallus; differs from all other rust fungi in forming sporothalli on Moneses and Orthilia (Ericaceae) (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Sajamaea Flakus et al. Piątek et al. (2020) introduced this genus with S. mycophila (F. Selcuk). Sanguinoderma Y.F. Sun et al. Sun et al. (2020b) introduced this genus to accommodate five new species and five new combinations based on morphological and molecular data. Sanguinoderma is characterized by corky to woody hard basidiomata; pileus dark, pore surface colour changing to blood-red when bruised, basidiospores double-walled in which exospore wall semi-reticulate or vermiculate to verrucose, endospore wall with solid and columnar to coniform spinules under SEM (Sun et al. 2020b) (M. Erdoğdu).Sarcomyxaceae Olariag et al. The family encompasses only Sarcomyxa. It has unique pleurotoid basidiomata, gelatinised pileipellis, fusiform to clavate cheilo- and pleurocystidia and amyloid spores (Knudsen & Vesterholt 2012). It was isolated within the Pleurotineae (Olariaga et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Savitreea Sakpuntoon et al. Sakpuntoon et al. (2020) introduced this genus and confirmed it placement in Saccharomycetaceae (W.P. Pfliegler).Saxiloba Lücking et al.  Lücking et al. (2020) described Saxiloba with S. firmula from the Caribbean and S. hawaiiensis from Hawaii. Saxiloba is characterized by a unique, placodioid thallus forming distinct lobes, growing on rocks in shaded to exposed situations with a trentepohlioid photobiont and a fenestrate thallus anatomy with distinct surface lines (Lücking et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Schizotheciaceae Y. Marin & Stchigel Marin-Felix et al. (2020) introduced Schizotheciaceae to accommodate taxa, which were formerly included in Lasiosphaeriaceae (M. Erdoğdu).Schummia Lücking et al. Schummia was introduced for a single facultatively lichenized species Schummia angulata. The species was previously assigned within Distothelia but transferred to Schummia based on ascospore morphology (Schumm & Aptroot 2013, Hongsanan et al. 2020) (A. Aptroot & V. Thiyagaraja). Sclerotiophoma L.W. Hou et al. Sclerotiophoma was introduced by Hou et al. (2020) to accommodate Phoma versabilis based on the multi-locus phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters. Sclerotiophoma versabilis, the type species of this genus, is characterized by pycnosclerotia, which gradually develop into poroid pycnidia (Hou et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Sertulicium Spirin et al. Spirin et al. (2021) introduced Sertulicium to accommodate a new species and five new combinations based on morphological and phylogenetic distinctions. Currently, the genus comprises six species including S. niveocremeum, the type species (M. Erdoğdu).Serusiauxia Ertz & Diederich Diederich & Ertz (2020) introduced this genus with S. inexpectata as the type species (F. Selcuk).Serusiauxiella S.H. Jiang et al. Jiang et al. (2020b) introduced Serusiauxiella with S. filifera as the type species (F. Selcuk).Silvaspora Błaszk. et al. Błaszkowski et al. (2021a) introduced the monospecific genus Silvaspora based on phylogenetic divergence of new data set of concatenated analysis of 18S-ITS-28S + RPB1 sequences that show S. caledonica as a sister clade of Rhizoglomus and Sclerocystis (B.T. Goto, F. Marguno & J. Błaszkowski). Similitrichoconis R.F. Castañeda et al. Similitrichoconis, with S. wongii as the type species, was introduced by Vera et al. (2020). Similitrichoconis wongii is characterized by blastic production of obclavate to long fusiform, hyaline phragmoconidia that are rostrate above, uncinate below, and produced by schizolytic conidial secession of clear to translucent conidiogenous cells (Vera et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Sinuicella D.F. Stone et al. Based on the phylogenetic, morphological and ecological data, a new monospecific genus Sinuicella (in Peltigeraceae) was introduced by Stone et al. (2021) to accommodate S. denisonii found on bare soil in Oregon, USA (M. Erdoğdu).Siphulopsis Kantvilas & A.R. Nilsen This genus was introduced by Ludwig et al. (2020). It is characterized by an erhizinate, whitish to pale grey thallus, with a green, coccoid photobiont and containing thamnolic acid, but is instead fruticose (F. Selcuk).Skierkaceae (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart Based on phylogenetic analysis, morphology, host range and life cycle, Aime & McTaggart (2021) introduced this new family to accommodate the type genus Skierka in Pucciniales. Skierkaceae differs from all other rust fungi in that sporothalli sori are deep-seated and subepidermal with mature uredinio and teliospores single-celled and non-catenulate, these forced through a narrow sorus opening by the production of new spores from sporogenous cells from which they are detached before extrusion (Aime & McTaggart 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Solomyces Zhi Y. Zhang et al. Solomyces was introduced by Zhang et al. (2020d) to accommodate S. sinensis isolated from soil in China. The morphology of Solomyces species is similar to that of Geomyces Traaen and the asexual morphs of Pseudogymnoascus (Zhang et al. 2020d). However, Geomyces differs in having terminal and lateral conidia borne on hyphae, short protrusions or side branches; intercalary conidia barrel-shaped, and conidiophores abundant, always forming verticillate and opposite branches with an acute angle to the axis near the apex (Van Oorschot 1980, Chen et al. 2017) (M. Erdoğdu).Spirographaceae Flakus et al. Spirographaceae was established to accommodate Spirographa which comprises lichenicolous and fungicolous taxa (Flakus et al. 2019). The family formed a clade close to Graphidaceae in the multigene phylogenetic analysis. However, the family was not studied by Lücking (2019) who revised and provided the latest classification for Ostropales. Therefore, the ordinal level classification of this family needs further revision (V. Thiyagaraja).Spodocybe Z.M. He & Zhu L. Yang Based on multigenic phylogenetic inference datasets and morphological evidence, a new clitocyboid genus Spodocybe was introduced by He & Yang (2021) to accommodate two species (S. rugosiceps and S. bispora) belonging to Hygrophoraceae (M. Erdoğdu).Sporidesmiella P.M. Kirk Kirk (1982) introduced Sporidesmiella with S. claviformis as type species; the genus is characterized by conidia that are solitary, acrogenous, mostly distoseptate, pale olivaceous brown or subhyaline and produced by a monoblastic, terminal, integrated, indeterminate, enteroblastic percurrent elongated conidiogenous cell. This genus was accepted in Junewangiaceae by Luo et al. (2019) and Dong et al. (2020) based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong & M. Erdoğdu).Srinivasanomyces S. Rana & S.K. Singh 2020 Srinivasanomyces was introduced by Hyde et al. (2020c) based on its morphological distinctiveness supported by strong phylogenetic support. Srinivasanomyces morphologically resembles some features in Phialocephala W.B. Kendr. However, it differs in having variably-shaped conidia that are pyriform to obpyriform, globose to subglobose, fusoid, or clavate. It produces dense globose clusters of conidial heads and the conidiophores are formed in an indeterminate, intercalary, simple to dense globose to subglobose clustered mass (Hyde et al. 2020c) (M. Erdoğdu).Staurospora Grube This genus was introduced to accommodate (in Arthoniaceae) S. purpurissata (Basionym: Arthonia purpurissata Nyl.) based on morphological and chemical data (Grube 2018) (D. Ertz).Stellatospora T. Ito & A. Nakagiri Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Sordariaceae, however, Huang et al. (2021b) transferred this genus to Chaetomiaceae (N. Wijayawardene).Stephanophorella Réblová & Hern.-Restr. Stephanophorella was introduced by Réblová et al. (2021a) to accommodate Zanclospora stellata. Stephanophorella resembles Zanclospora in setiform conidiophores and the arrangement of sessile, lateral phialides, but differs mainly in well-defined collarettes and the dark, opaque, setiform part of the conidiophore with branches inserted in a stellate fashion at the apex (Réblová et al. 2021a) (M. Erdoğdu).Sterigmatospora Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai This is a novel genus was introduced by Li et al. (2020b) with S. layueensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Sterila Crous et al. Shen et al. (2020) introduced this genus based on multigene phylogenetic and morphological analysis. Type species is S. eucalypti (F. Selcuk).Strattonia Cif. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Lasiosphaeriaceae, but Huang et al. (2021b) introduced a new family, Strattoniaceae to accommodate this genus (N. Wijayawardene).Strelitziomyces Crous Crous et al. (2019d) introduced this new genus with S. knysnanus as the type species. Strelitziomyces is closely related to Anungitiomyces (Crous et al. 2019d). The main differences between the two genera lie in the lack of pigmentation in Strelitziomyces, and the prominently formed sclerotium-like bodies (Crous et al. 2019d) (M. Erdoğdu).Strigulaceae Zahlbr. Jiang et al. (2020b) reinstated some genera that were previously synonymized with Strigula subsequently Hongsanan et al. (2020) introduced some new genera in this family and provided a generic placement for all accepted species in this genus in the wide sense (A. Aptroot).Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. DavisThe genus Stromatoneurospora had until recently been included in Xylariales genera incertae sedis, since no molecular data had been reported and the conidial state was also not known (Wendt et al. 2018). However, recently, fresh material from Thailand was found and cultured. The cultures were subjected to morphological studies and included in a multi-locus genealogy. In addition, a chemotaxonomic study was carried out. The results clearly demonstrated the affinities of Stromatoneurospora phoenix to the coprophilous Xylariaceae like Poronia, Podosordaria and allies. Where this is known, species of these genera also produce lindquistia-like synnematal conidiophores in culture and on the natural substrates. Stromatoneurospora is therefore now included in the Xylariaceae (Becker et al. 2020) (M. Stadler).Submersispora W. Dong et al. Dong et al. (2020) established this genus in Longipedicellataceae to accommodate the freshwater hyphomycete species Submersispora variabilis based on multi-locus phylogeny and distinct morphology (W. Dong).Subplenodomus de Gruyter et al. de Gruyter et al. (2013) introduced Subplenodomus with S. violicola as type species. Subplenodomus comprises six species with molecular data. Pem et al. (2020) added S. urticae based on morphology and phylogeny. Subplenodomus is paraphyletic and more taxa are needed to clarify the status of the genus (D. Pem).Sucioplaca Bungartz et al.Based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data, the monospecific genus Sucioplaca was introduced by Bungartz et al. (2020) to accommodate S. diplacia common in Central America, particularly around the Caribbean Sea (M. Erdoğdu).Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Calosphaeriales genera incertae sedis. However, Huang et al. (2021b) transferred this genus to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Sungia Luangsa-ard et al.Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) introduced this genus with S. yongmunensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Swinscowia S.H. Jiang et al.Swinscowia was introduced in Hongsanan et al. (2020) for non-foliicolous species which were isolated from bark and rocks. This genus comprised 34 species with Swinscowia jamesii as the type and the molecular data are available only for one species (V. Thiyagaraja).Synaptospora Cain Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus in Lasiosphaeriaceae. However, Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae and accommodated in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Synarthonia Müll. Arg. Synarthonia was considered as an Arthoniales of uncertain family affiliation. Van den Broeck et al. (2018) placed the genus in Arthoniaceae using molecular analyses of a combined data set of mtSSU and rpb2 sequences that included the type species. The genus was shown to be closely related to the genera Coniocarpon and Reichlingia. Six Synarthonia species were described as new to science and ten new combinations were made into this genus. A total of 22 species are now accepted in the genus (D. Ertz).Synnematotriadelphia Chuaseehar. et al. This genus was introduced with S. stilboidea as the type species (Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2020) (F. Selcuk).Tahromyces Hanafy et al.See under Agriosomyces (M. Erdoğdu).Tanmaurkiella Santam.This genus was proposed by Santamaria & Pedersen (2021) to accommodate T. huggertii and T. pselaphi (type), two species associated with Pselaphus heisei (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). The genus was distinguished from related genera Bordea, Cryptandromyces, and Siemaszkoa based on morphology and ecology (host information) (D. Haelewaters).Tengiomyces Réblová Huang et al. (2021b) transferred this genus to Coronophorales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Teratospermopsis Jian Ma et al. Xu et al. (2021) introduced Teratospermopsis, typified by Chaetendophragmia, with Teratosperma microsporum as a heterotypic synonym. Teratospermopsis protuberata, the type species is different from Chaetendophragmia and Teratosperma by its schizolytic conidial secession, and further from Chaetendophragmia which produces conidia with lateral appendages arising from the middle cells (Xu et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Terrestriporia Y.C. Dai et al. Wu et al. (2020) introduced Terrestriporia within the Terrestriporiaceae to accommodate T. alba as the type species. Terrestriporia resembles Anomoporia and Anomoloma in sharing annual and resupinate basidioma, a monomitic hyphal structure, and hyaline, thin-walled, smooth and amyloid basidiospores (Ryvarden & Melo 2014), but the latter two genera have clamp connections only, lack gloeoplerous hyphae and cystidioles, and belong to Amylocorticiales (M. Erdoğdu).Terrestriporiaceae Y.C. Dai et al. Terrestriporiaceae in Russulales, was introduced by Wu et al. (2020) based on the combination of molecular and morphological data, and it was typified by Terrestriporia. Terrestriporiaceae is characterized by annual and resupinate basidioma, poroid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal structure, and generative hyphae mostly simple septate, but occasionally having clamp connections, the presence of gloeoplerous hyphae and cystidioles, thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, amyloid and acyanophilous basidiospores (Wu et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Teunia Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai Li et al. (2020b) introduced this genus with T. korlaensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Phaeonawawia Goh The monotypic genus Phaeonawawia within Chaetosphaeriaceae was introduced by Goh et al. (2021) to accommodate P. diplocladielloidea collected from decaying wood submerged in freshwater. The fungus is generically distinct in the brown, short-stalked, bulbose or urceolate conidiogenous cells with a terminal pore rimmed with a flared collarette, producing large, dematiaceous, versicolored, multi-euseptate, tetrahedral, or obpyramidal stauroconidia, which bear hyaline filiform appendages at the end of the arms and enclosed by a thick, hyaline sheath (Goh et al. 2021) (M. Erdoğdu).Thyrostroma Höhn. Höhnel (1911) introduced Thyrostroma with T. compactum as the type species. Thyrostroma comprises 24 morphological species but only 12 species have molecular data. Phillips et al. (2008) regarded Thyrostroma as the asexual morph of Dothidotthia. Crous et al. (2016a), Marin-Felix et al. (2017) and Senwanna et al. (2019b) showed that Thyrostroma and Dothidotthia are not congeneric. Senwanna et al. (2019b) added eight other species based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence and Pem et al. (2019c) added one new species T. ephedricola and provided a new combination T. jaczewskii. Jayawardena et al. (2020) discuss the phytopathogenic species of this genus (D. Pem).Tranzscheliacea (Arthur) Aime & McTaggart Based on phylogenetic analysis, morphology, host range and life cycle, Aime & McTaggart (2021) introduced this new family to accommodate the type genus Tranzschelia in the order Pucciniales (M. Erdoğdu).Triangularia Boedijn Huang et al. (2021b) synonymized Schizothecium under this genus (N. Wijayawardene).Trechispora P. Karst. In the past two years, eleven new species were described in this genus: Trechispora copiosa, T. gelatinosa, T. mollis, T. termitophila, and T. torrendii from Brazil (Chikowski et al. 2020, de Meiras-Ottoni et al. 2021); T. hondurensis from Honduras (Haelewaters et al. 2020, 2021c); and T. bambusicola, T. daweishanensis, T. fimbriata, T. fissurata, and T. xantha from China (Zhao & Zhao et al. 2021, Zong et al. 2021). Scytinopogon was synonymized with Trechispora by de Meiras-Ottoni et al. (2021), with five new combination, and two additional combinations were introduced by Chikowski et al. (2020). Index Fungorum (2021) currently lists 67 valid species in Trechispora (D. Haelewaters).Trochila Fr. Gómez-Zapata et al. (2021) introduced two new species (T. bostonensis, T. urediniophila) and two new combinations, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses – bringing the number of species in the genus to 37 (D. Haelewaters).Tricholyophyllum Qing Cai et al. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic evidence, Tricholyophyllum was introduced by Cai et al. (2020) to accommodate T. brunneum. Besides the independent phylogenetic position, Tricholyophyllum is morphologically distinct from the other genera within Lyophyllaceae sensu lato in the trichodermal pileipellis and stipitipellis, presence of cheilocystidia, and elongate to cylindrical basidiospores (Cai et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Trichophoma Magaña-Dueñas et al. Crous et al. (2020b) introduced this genus with T. cylindrospora as the type species (F. Selcuk).Tricispora Oehl et al.The monospecific genus was introduced by Oehl et al. (2011b) based on morphological evidence of entrophosporoid/tricisporoid spore development of spore wall in the Diversisporaceae clade. The sister species of Tricispora nevadensis is Diversispora arenaria without significant molecular divergence. Additional analysis using independent genes as such RPB1 could be useful to check the closest relative using another powerful tolls to solve the ranking status of the genus in Diversisporales (B. Goto & F. Marguno).Tricladiaceae P.R. Johnst. & Baschien Johnston & Baschien (2020) established this family to accommodate Tricladium Ingold (F. Selcuk).Tripterosporella Subram. & Lodha Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Lasiosphaeriaceae (fide Wijayawardene et al. 2020) and accommodated it in Sordariales genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Triseptata Boonmee & Phookamsak Boonmee et al. (2020) introduced this genus with T. sexualis as the type species and accommodated it in Latoruaceae (F. Selcuk).Trochilispora VP Abreu et al. Hyde et al. (2019) established Trochilispora to accommodate T. schefflerae collected from leaves of Schefflera morototoni based on morphology and phylogenetic support (LSU and ITS sequence data) (M. Erdoğdu).Trypetheliaceae Zenker (= Arthopyreniaceae Walt. Watson) Thiyagaraja et al. (2021a) accepted Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae based on the sequence of type species, Arthopyrenia cerasi. Julella was included within Trypetheliaceae however, the sequenced Julella fallaciosa clustered together with Arthopyrenia cerasi in the phylogenetic analysis. Both Arthopyrenia cerasi and Julella fallaciosa differs only in ascospore characteristics (transverse vs. septate muriform), thus transferred to Arthopyrenia based on morpho-molecular evidence (V. Thiyagaraja). Tubulicolla Réblová & Hern.-Restr. Based on the multigene analysis, Réblová et al. (2021b) revealed that Tubulicolla is a member of the Vermiculariopsiellales, distantly related to Dictyochaeta, and introduced Tubulicolla to accommodate D. cylindrospora. Tubulicolla is characterized by upright, fertile setae formed on stromatic cells and encircled by shorter, unbranched conidiophores terminating in monophialides with a tubular neck below the funnel-shaped collarette and hyaline, aseptate, smooth conidia (Réblová et al. 2021b) (M. Erdoğdu).Tulipispora Révay & Gönczöl Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed this genus under Helminthosphaeriaceae. Huang et al. (2021b) excluded this genus from Helminthosphaeriaceae and accommodated it in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis (N. Wijayawardene).Tulosesus D. Wächt. & A. Melzer Wächter & Melzer (2020) recommended the separation of Coprinellus based on phylogenetic and morphological reasons and introduced Tulosesus with 39 new combinations. The genus was described based on the rounded-angular spores, presence of pileocystidia, and phylogenetic analyses (Wächter & Melzer 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Tylocliostomum van den Boom & Magain The new genus Tylocliostomum was typified by T. viridifarinosum (van den Boom & Magain 2020) (F. Selcuk).Ustilaginaceae Tul. & C. Tul.The generic boundaries in the Ustilaginaceae have to be considered unresolved based on current molecular and morphological evidence. Whether several of the recently-described segregate genera should be maintained, such as Langdonia, Stollia, and Triodiomyces, or the genus Mycosarcoma be re-instated, is a much-debated topic, which cannot be decided based on the data available at present (M. Thines).Valsaria Ces. & De Not. Cesati & De Notaris (1863) introduced Valsaria with V. insitiva as the type species. Ju et al. (1996) placed Valsaria in Dothideomycetes. Kirk et al. (2008) transferred Valsaria to Diaporthales (Sordariomycetes) based on morphology mainly hamathecium comprising true apically free paraphyses, a true ascomatal wall distinct from the surrounding pseudostroma and unitunicate asci. Jaklitsch et al. (2015) placed Valsaria in a new family Valsariaceae based on phylogenetic analyses. Only six species namely, V. insitiva, V. lopadostomoides, V. neotropica, V. robiniae, V. saprtii and, V. rudis have molecular data. Pem et al. (2019a) added another species V. ostryae based on phylogenetic analysis of LSU, ITS and rpb2 DNA sequence data (D. Pem).Valsarites Puri (fossil) This monotypic genus, recorded from the Senonian sediments of Nigeria, is characterized by an ascospore showing resemblance with ascospores of Endothia, Didymosphaeria and Valsaria. In size, it is closest to the spores of Valsaria insitiva (R.K. Saxena).Vanderaaea Crous Vanderaaea, with V. ammophilae as the type species, was introduced by Crous et al. (2021a) as a new coelomycetous taxon occurring on dead leaves of Ammophila arenaria. Vanderaaea ammophilae is distinct from all species treated as belonging to Acarosporales by forming sporodochia with curved, 0-1-septate conidia (Crous et al. 2021a) (M. Erdoğdu).Vandijckomycella Hern.-Restr. et al.Hou et al. (2020) introduced this genus with V. joseae as the type species (F. Selcuk).Varioseptispora L. Qiu et al. Varioseptispora was introduced by Xu et al. (2020b) based on V. chinensis collected on decaying twigs of unidentified plants in Hainan, China. The genus is characterized by macronematous, unbranched, conidiophores with polytretic, integrated, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, acropleurogenous distoseptate and euseptate, brown conidia (Xu et al. 2020b) (M. Erdoğdu).Veloboletus Fechner & Halling Crous et al. (2020a) introduced this monotypic genus and confirmed its placement in Boletaceae based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and culture characteristics (M. Erdoğdu).Verrudisporonites O’Keefe (fossil) This monotypic genus, recorded from the Heath Formation of Peru, is characterized by dicellate spores with two large pores and differs from Dyadosporites, Dicellaeporisporites, Didymosporonites, Ornasporonites and Teleutospora in having large verrucae on the surface (R.K. Saxena).Vesiculozygosporium Crous Crous et al. (2020c) introduced this genus to accommodate V. echinosporum (F. Selcuk).Vinositunica Koh. Yamam. et al.Vinositunica was introduced by Yamamoto et al. (2020) to accommodate V. radiata and V. ingens within Endogonaceae. Vinositunica is characterized by purplish sporocarps and red-wine-coloured chlamydospores up to 700 μm in diameter. Vinositunica is the only genus in Endogonaceae that forms chlamydospores but lacks an observation of sexual reproduction (Yamamoto et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Vredendaliella C.F.J. Spies et al. Spies et al. (2020) introduced Vredendaliella within Chaetothyriomycetidae genera incertae sedis to accommodate V. oleae (the type species) isolated from necrotic wood of European olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) (M. Erdoğdu).Walkaminomyces Crous & Carnegie Crous et al. (2019c) introduced this genus within the Mycosphaerellaceae to accommodate Mycosphaerella medusa based on DNA phylogenetic data. Walkaminomyces is characterized by a distinct germination pattern, germinating with 4–6 snake-like germ tubes per ascospore (Carnegie et al. 2011) (M. Erdoğdu).Windipila M. Krings & C.J. Harper (fossil)Windipila is represented by two species, viz., W. pumila recorded from the Windyfield chert and W. spinifera from the Rhynie Chert (Early Devonian) of Scotland. The affinity of this fungal genus is unknown (R.K. Saxena).Xenomonodictys Hern.-Restr. et al.Based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and culture characteristics, Crous et al. (2020a) introduced Xenomonodictys as a monotypic genus in Sporormiaceae. The genus is typified by X. iranica collected from the wood of Fagus orientalis in Iran (Crous et al. 2020a) (M. Erdoğdu).Xenoplectosphaerella Jayaward. et al.Xenoplectosphaerella was introduced by Phukhamsakda et al. (2020) as a monotypic genus in Plectosphaerellaceae. The genus was associated with a herbaceous plant in Thailand and formed obpyriform, coriaceous ascomata with papilla, with paraphyses, and uniquely spathulate asci (Carlucci et al. 2012, Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. 2016, Giraldo et al. 2019, Phukhamsakda et al. 2020) (M. Erdoğdu).Yosiokobayasia Samson et al. Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) introduced this genus with Y. kusanaginensis as the type species (F. Selcuk).Zwergimyces M. Krings & T.N. Taylor (fossil) Zwergimyces is a monotypic genus of glomeromycetus fungi. It was recovered from the Early Devonian sediments of Muir of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland (R.K. Saxena).Zygospermellaceae S.K. Huang & K.D. Hyde Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed these genera in Lasiosphaeriaceae. Huang et al. (2021b) introduced Zygospermellaceae to accommodate Episternus Górz & Boroń and Zygospermella Cain. (N. Wijayawardene).